Exam 1 – Dr. Thomason Lecture 1

Question 1

What do RBCs contain?

Answer 1

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Question 2

What does Hgb allow for?

Answer 2

Oxygen to be transported from the lungs to the tissues

Question 3

Do mammalian RBCs have a nucleus? Reptiles, birds, and amphibians?

Answer 3

No

Yes

Question 4

What is the shape of RBCs like for most species? Camelids?

Answer 4

Round

Ellipsoidal

Question 5

How do RBCs work?

Answer 5

Higher concentration of oxygen in lungs allows for it to pass to deoxygenated blood through simple diffusion

Question 6

How is O2 transported?

Answer 6

By binding to Hgb

Question 7

What gives RBCs the red color?

Answer 7

Heme

Ferrous iron

Question 8

What do heme molecules combine with?

Answer 8

A polypeptide chain (globin)

Question 9

How many chains make up hemoglobin?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

How many O2 molecules are there per hemoglobin chain?

Answer 10

1, so there are 4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin

Question 11

What is the O2 concentration like for Hgb?

Answer 11

Almost always at maximum concentration

Question 12

How much of the iron in the body is in Hgb? Liver and marrow?

Answer 12

65%

25%

Question 13

What is iron absorbed from?

Answer 13

Small intestine

Question 14

What does iron bind to? What does it form?

Answer 14

Apotransferrin

Transferrin

Question 15

What is iron transported in?

Answer 15

Plasma

Question 16

What is iron transported as?

Answer 16

Transferrin

Question 17

What does transferrin strongly bind to?

Answer 17

Erythroblasts

Question 18

What are erythroblasts?

Answer 18

The precursors to erythrocytes

Question 19

What is iron stored in cells as?

Answer 19

Ferritin

Question 20

Why is there a minimum amount of apoferritin?

Answer 20

It is an insoluble form of iron

Question 21

What is bilirubin?

Answer 21

The break down of hemoglobin

Question 22

Which has a higher affinity for O2, fetal Hgb or adult Hgb?

Answer 22

Fetal Hgb

Question 23

What minimizes acidosis?

Answer 23

Bicarbonate

Question 24

What is the average life span of RBCs?

Answer 24

Months

Question 25

What are aged RBCs removed by?

Answer 25

Spleen

Question 26

What happens to iron when Hgb is broken down?

Answer 26

It is reused-transported as transferring

Question 27

What happens to globulin chains as Hgb is broken down?

Answer 27

It is reused

Question 28

What happens to remaining heme as Hgb is broken down?

Answer 28

It is eliminated as bilirubin

Question 29

Why is having too few RBCs a problem?

Answer 29

Oxygen cannot be distributed

Question 30

What is the most essential regulator for erythrocyte production?

Answer 30

tissue oxygenation

Question 31

What are factors associated with poor tissue oxygenation?

Answer 31

``` Low blood volume Anemia Low hemoglobin Poor blood flow Pulmonary disease ```

Question 32

How can the body improve tissue oxygenation?

Answer 32

By increasing the number of RBCs

Question 33

What tissue/organ is essential for increased production of RBCs?

Answer 33

Kidney

Question 34

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 34

The principal stimulus for erythrocyte production

Question 35

Where is 90% of erythropoietin produced?

Answer 35

Kidney

Question 36

When does erythropoietin production start?

Answer 36

Within hours of hypoxia | 2-5 days for maximum effect

Question 37

When does erythropoietin production stop?

Answer 37

When hypoxia is not present

Question 38

What happens if erythropoietin is not produced?

Answer 38

RBCs will not be produced

Question 39

What happens with pathogenesis?

Answer 39

Decreased erythropoietin secretion by kidneys Decreased bone marrow response Reduced erythrocyte lifespan

Question 40

Where are RBCs primarily produced?

Answer 40

Bone marrow

Question 41

Where are RBCs produced in a fetus?

Answer 41

Spleen Liver Bone marrow

Question 42

What helps during severe RBC loss?

Answer 42

Liver and spleen | Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Question 43

What happens during RBC differentiation?

Answer 43

Cells and nuclei become smaller | Nucleus is extruded at the metarubricyte phase

Question 44

What are reticulocytes like?

Answer 44

No nucleus but contains remnants of the golgi and mitochondria

Question 45

What are reticulocytes released from?

Answer 45

The bone marrow into circulation for final maturation

Question 46

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 46

The last stage before a fully mature erythrocyte

Question 47

What are essential vitamins for RBC maturation?

Answer 47

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

Question 48

What is anemia?

Answer 48

Reduced red blood cell mass | Decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Question 49

What is regenerative anemia?

Answer 49

Producing erythrocytes, bone marrow is not a problem

Question 50

What is non-regenerative anemia?

Answer 50

Not producing erythrocytes, bone marrow is a problem

Question 51

What can regenerative anemia lead to?

Answer 51

Hemorrhage | Hemolysis

Question 52

What is hemorrhage?

Answer 52

Had blood and lost it

Question 53

What is hemolysis?

Answer 53

Had blood and it got destroyed

Question 54

What happens during hemorrhage?

Answer 54

Lose all components of blood (RBCs and fluids)

Question 55

What can cause hemorrhage?

Answer 55

``` Trauma Coagulopathy GI hemorrhage External parasites Hematuria Neoplastic rupture ```

Question 56

What can hemolysis cause?

Answer 56

An animal to have a yellow color

Question 57

What can cause zinc toxicity?

Answer 57

Pennies minted in 1983 to present Zinc nuts Zinc oxide ointment

Question 58

How can zinc toxicity be treated?

Answer 58

Remove zinc source

Question 59

What happens with babesiosis?

Answer 59

Ticks and blood transfusion

Question 60

What 3 mechanisms cause anemia?

Answer 60

Hemorrhage Hemolysis Non-regenerative

Question 61

What can non-regenerative anemia cause?

Answer 61

Systemic disorders and primary marrow disorders

Question 62

What is polycythemia?

Answer 62

Increased number of RBCs

Question 63

What does polycythemia do?

Answer 63

Increases blood viscosity causing sluggish blood flow through the peripheral blood vessels

Question 64

What does cardiac failure lead to? Why?

Answer 64

Hypoxia | The lack of blood leads to poor oxygenation to the tissues

Question 65

Is primary or secondary polycythemia more common?

Answer 65

Secondary

Question 66

What is an example of primary polycythemia?

Answer 66

Polycythemia vera | Kidney tumors

Question 67

What can cause polythemia vera?

Answer 67

It is genetic

Question 68

What is an examples of secondary polycythemia?

Answer 68

Tissue hypoxia

Question 69

What can cause tissue hypoxia?

Answer 69

High altitude Cardiac failure Significant pulmonary disease

Question 70

What can be used to treat polycythemia?

Answer 70

Blood-letting | Leeches