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Physiology > Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 – Dr. Fleming Ruminant Physiology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a ruminant?

A

Any even-toed, hoofed animal of the suborder ruminate, being comprised of cloven-hoofed, cud chewing quadrupeds, and including, besides domestic cattle, bison, buffalo, deer, antelopes, giraffes, comes, and chevrotains

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2
Q

What are ruminants able to do?

A

Utilize forages other animals cannot digest

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3
Q

What are the forestomachs of ruminants?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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4
Q

What do the esophageal and reticulo-omasal groove do?

A

Help bypass the rumen in young ruminants

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5
Q

Describe the special feature of ruminants in the mouth

A

No upper incisors or canine teeth

Dental pad

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6
Q

Which animals are high fiber, indiscriminate ruminants?

A

Cattle

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7
Q

Which animals are low fiber, discriminate/browser ruminants?

A

Sheep and goats

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8
Q

What is the size of the large intestine of ruminants?

A

33 ft

7.5 gal

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9
Q

What is the size of the cecum of ruminants?

A

3 ft

2.5 gal

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10
Q

What is the size of the small intestine of ruminants?

A

150 ft

16 gal

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11
Q

What is the size of the abomasum of ruminants?

A

5 gal

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12
Q

What is the size of the rumen of ruminants?

A

42.5 gal

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13
Q

What is the size of the omasum of ruminants?

A

4 gal

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14
Q

What is the size of the reticulum of ruminants?

A

2.5 gal

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15
Q

What are the advantages of being a ruminant?

A

Break down cellulose
Allows synthesis of high biological value protein
Production of all B vitamins

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of being a ruminant?

A

Regular food intake at regular intervals
Long hours chewing
Keep rumen fermentation vat balanced

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17
Q

How long does a ruminant spend on food ingestion?

A

4-7 hours/day

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18
Q

How long does a ruminant spend chewing cud?

A

8 hours/day

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19
Q

What keeps the rumen fermentation vat balanced?

A

Large quantities of alkaline saliva
Constant mixing
Release of gasproducts

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20
Q

What are the rumen layers?

A

Gas
Fiber mat/raft
Fluid slurry

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21
Q

What is the diet of ruminants?

A

Roughages (cellulolytic)
Legumes (cellulolytic)
Grains (Amylolytic)

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22
Q

What are the different roughages?

A

Cellulose (glucose)
Hemicellulose (xylose)
Pectin (galactose)

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23
Q

What are legumes able to do?

24
Q

What are the different grains?

Study These Flashcards
A

Starches

Simple sugars

25
What are requirements of fermentation?
``` Regular addition of fresh food Presence of suitable microbes Steady removal of end products Continuous mixing Propulsion of fine particles and fluid Anaerobic Stability of temperature, osmotic pressure, redox, and pH ```
26
Describe protozoa
``` Live in fiber mat Very sensitive to change Feed on bacteria, plant starch and PUFAs Provide high biological value protein Prefer pH of 6.2 ```
27
What pH does cellulolytic bacteria prefer?
6.2
28
What pH does amylolytic bacteria prefer?
5.8
29
Describe lactobacillus spp.
Takes over at pH less than 5.8 | Lactic acid producing
30
What is the normal rumen pH?
5.5 - 7.0
31
What pH is there with acute acidosis/grain overload?
Less than 5
32
What pH is there with acute subacute acidosis/SARA?
Less than 5.5
33
What are are diamond fistulas used for?
Rumen transfaunation
34
What are the products of fermentation?
Gases VFAs Microbial and protozoal protein and lipids Ammonia
35
What gas is produced from fermentation?
Methane
36
What happens to VFAs from fermentation?
Absorbed across rumen wall
37
What happens to microbial and protozoal protein and lipids from fermentation?
Passed through to abomasum
38
What happens to ammonia from fermentation?
Absorbed across rumen wall
39
What are examples of VFAs?
Acetate Butyrate Propionate
40
What are the ketone bodies?
Acetone Acetoacetate Beta-hydroxybutyrate
41
Describe acetic acid
Minimal liver use Oxidized throughout most of the body Major source of Acetyl CoA for synthesis of lipids
42
Describe propionic acid
Major liver use Serves as a major substrate for gluconeogenesis Critical because almost no glucose reaches small intestine for absorption
43
Describe butyric acid
Comes out of the rumen as the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate | Oxidized in many tissues for energy production
44
What kind of diets produce more acetate and butyrate?
High fiber diets
45
What kind of diets produce more propionate?
High grain diets
46
What is protein broken down to in ruminants?
Simplest for–ammonia
47
How much gas is produced?
Up to 40 L/hour 2-4 hours after a meal
48
What are the green house gases?
``` Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Ozone ```
49
What percentage of green house gases is methane?
7.9%
50
What does rumination do?
Mixes rumen fermentation vat continuously | Filters fluid and particulate matter through to omasum an abomasum
51
What does rumination allow for?
Regular release of gas – eructation | Cud chewing
52
What does cud chewing do?
Reduces particle size and increases saliva flow
53
Describe the parasympathetic innervations of forestomachs
Vagus nerve | Promotes rumination and cud chewing
54
Describe the sympathetic innervations of forestomachs
Thoracic ganglia to celiac | Decreases motility
55
What happens to nervous cows?
Drip/drool saliva | Decrease rumen contractions
56
What are the types of rumen contraction?
Primary – mixing Primary – cud chewing Secondary – eructation Primary and secondary – cud chewing with eructation

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