Exam 1 – Lecture 4: Dr. Langston

Question 1

What is ATP?

Answer 1

The energy currency of the body

Question 2

What exists after the digestion of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 3

What is fructose?

Answer 3

A monosaccahride that is quickly converted to glucose in the liver

Question 4

What is galactose converted to? Where?

Answer 4

Glucose in the liver

Question 5

What is glucose?

Answer 5

The final common substrate for transport of carbohydrates to the cells

Question 6

What do intestinal and renal tubules use active transport for?

Answer 6

Absorbing glucose

Question 7

What do cells other than intestinal and renal tubules use to absorb glucose?

Answer 7

Facilitated diffusion

Question 8

What does insulin do?

Answer 8

Increase the rate of facilitated diffusion 10x

Question 9

Do the liver and brain require insulin for glucose transport?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What are neurons and RBCs primarily dependent on as their energy source?

Answer 10

Glucose

Question 11

What can the brain use to meet energy demands during starvation?

Answer 11

Keto-acids

Question 12

What are the steps to aerobic conversion of glucose to energy?

Answer 12

Glucose is split into pyruvic acid and then move to the krebs cycle to produce ATP, H, and NADH

Question 13

What does each glucose molecule produce when it is converted to energy?

Answer 13

38 ATP with CO2 and water

Question 14

What is an alternate pathway for conversion of glucose to energy independent of TCA cycle?

Answer 14

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 15

What is the pentose phosphate pathway especially important in?

Answer 15

The liver and synthesis of fat

Question 16

Can glycolysis occur without oxygen?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

How can glycolysis occur without oxygen?

Answer 17

Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid which is what allows it to continue

Question 18

What would the “law of mass action” cause?

Answer 18

Stop glycolysis if pyruvic acid accumulated

Question 19

When oxygen is restored, what happens to lactate?

Answer 19

It is converted back to pyruvic acid

Question 20

Where does the conversion of lactate back to pyruvic acid occur?

Answer 20

In the liver and heart muscle

Question 21

What does tying up come from in horses?

Answer 21

The large amounts of lactate that the animal produces

Question 22

What is consumed by the Cori cycle to convert 2 pyruvates back to glucose

Answer 22

6 ATP

Question 23

What are small amounts of lactate metabolized into? Where?

Answer 23

Bicarbonate ion

Liver

Question 24

What can severe lactate accumulation cause?

Answer 24

Metabolic acidosis

Question 25

What can the liver do with small quantities of lactate?

Answer 25

Generate a carbon ion

Question 26

What can happen to glucose if not stored immediately?

Answer 26

It can be stored as glycogen, especially in the liver and muscle

Question 27

What is special about glycogen because of its high molecular weight?

Answer 27

It does not disrupt the osmolarity of the cell

Question 28

How much glycogen does the body keep in reserve?

Answer 28

About 1-2 days worth

Question 29

What can muscle store energy in?

Answer 29

Phosphocreatinine

Question 30

What is unique to phosphocreatinine when compared to ATP?

Answer 30

It contains more energy per molecule

Question 31

How can phosphocreatinine be released?

Answer 31

Immediately when needed for maximal short bursts of muscle power

Question 32

What does the use of phosphcreatinine lead to?

Answer 32

Waste product of creatinine

Question 33

What is creatinine excreted by?

Answer 33

Kidney

Question 34

What does the brain need in particular?

Answer 34

Glucose

Question 35

When blood glucose is low, how is glucose obtained?

Answer 35

Gluconeogenesis

Question 36

What does gluconeogenesis do?

Answer 36

Creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 37

What makes ruminant unique when it comes to making glucose?

Answer 37

They can use propionic acid

Question 38

How much can volatile fatty acids contribute to energy demands in ruminants?

Answer 38

80%

Question 39

What can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis in non-ruminants?

Answer 39

Protein and fats

Question 40

What percentage of amino acids can be converted to glucose?

Answer 40

About 60%

Question 41

What can fats do to produce glucose?

Answer 41

They can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, with the glycerol converted to glucose

Question 42

What normally happens to fatty acids?

Answer 42

They are broken down to 2-carbon segments to form acetyl-CoA that enters glycolytic pathways

Question 43

When does keto-acidosis occur?

Answer 43

When no available carbohydrate exists to recharge oxaloacetate required to bind with acetyl-CoA

Question 44

What can cause keto-acidosis?

Answer 44

Starvation High fat, low carb diets Diabetes mellitus

Question 45

What are the 3 main keto-acids?

Answer 45

Acetoacetic acid Acetone β-Hydroxybutyric acid

Question 46

What do brown fat deposits contain?

Answer 46

Mitochondria

Question 47

What can brown fat, via mitochondria, generate?

Answer 47

Thermogenesis

Question 48

Why is brown fat important in puppies and kittens?

Answer 48

Because they cannot yet shiver to generate heat

Question 49

What happens if puppies are hypoglycemic and stop nursing?

Answer 49

They no longer have brown fat, so they become hypothermic

Question 50

What does the catabolism of brown fat for heat generation require?

Answer 50

Glucose

Question 51

When are proteins used as energy?

Answer 51

Insufficient glucose exists | Excess proteins in the diet

Question 52

What can proteins be converted to?

Answer 52

Glucose | Fatty acids

Question 53

What can protein catabolism be used in?

Answer 53

Gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis

Question 54

What does the microfloral of the rumen do?

Answer 54

Creates all essential and non-essential amino acids

Question 55

What can ruminants use to create amino acids by their rumen flora?

Answer 55

Non-protein nitrogen

Question 56

What do cats and some Cocker Spaniels need in their diet? Why?

Answer 56

Greater amount of taurine | To avoid cardiomyopathy

Question 57

How is CO2 from glycolytic pathways expired?

Answer 57

By the lung via bicarbonate buffer system

Question 58

What is NH3 from protein catabolosm converted to? How is that excreted?

Answer 58

Coverted by the liver to urea and excreted by the kidney

Question 59

What is creatinine produced by? How is it excreted?

Answer 59

Muscle metabolism | Kidney

Question 60

How do aquatic animals excrete ammonia? Why?

Answer 60

Directly | Water is abundant

Question 61

What is urea the main route of in mammals and sharks?

Answer 61

Nitrogen excretion

Question 62

What do insects, birds, and reptiles convert ammonia to? Hos is it secreted?

Answer 62

Uric acid | As paste

Question 63

What is unique about Dalmatians and excretion?

Answer 63

They have a build up of uric acid which causes kidney stones and the blocks the excretion. They must have surgery to create a hole to allow for excretion