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A&P (Fall 2022) > Exam 1 extra stuff > Flashcards

Exam 1 extra stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Soluble items

A

Proteins, Carbs, Gasses, Buffers, Drugs

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2
Q

Insoluble items

A

Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, drugs

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3
Q

What does magnesium do inside the cell?

A
  • Slows things down
  • Chemical co-factor to help complete or speed-u reactions
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4
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A
  • Moving down concentration gradient
  • Ion channel: Sodium moves down its concentration gradient.
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5
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A
  • Need a carrier/transport protein. Conformation change –> moved into cell.
  • No energy being consumed
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6
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Pumps rely on energy (ATP)

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7
Q

What is Secondary Active Transport & Ion/Compound Echangers?

A
  • 2 things pumped in same direction= Co-transport.
  • 2 things pumped in opposite direction= Syn transport.
  • Indirectly use ATP
    Exchanger:
  • Sodium calcium exchanger: Ca++ does not want to leave cell.
  • Takes 3 Na+ moving into cell to move 1 Ca++ out of cell due to gradient.
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8
Q

What is Phosphocreatinine used for?

A
  • Used to replenish/augment ATP
  • Able to be phosphorylated
  • Short-term fix
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9
Q

Where is Calcium stored inside the cell?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

What do Peroxisomes do? Where are they?

A
  • Float in cytosol
  • Use oxidative stress/oxidation & H2O2 to break things into pieces.
  • Catalase: works on pathways that generate & regulate H2O2
  • Ex: In liver to destroy ethanol into acid aldehyde
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11
Q
  • Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
A

Can be used as a signaling compound. IP, IP2, IP3 (smooth muscle).

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12
Q

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

A
  • Usually only found inside cell wall. If seen outside of cell then immune system will kill it. Is usually a signal of cell or tissue damage. Can also help ID bacteria.
  • Flippase (an enzyme): checks for PS flipping
  • Will not work if not enough ATP
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13
Q
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE):
A

Nervous system. Involved in protein folding.

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14
Q
  • Phosphatidylcholine (PCh):
A

o Inside the cell wall as storage compound.
o Has a choline attached, could be used to make acetylcholine.
o Used at the Neuromuscular junction!
o ACh precursor
o Neurotransmitter

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15
Q
  • Glycoproteins
A

o Proteins embedded in the membrane have sugars attached to them that stick p on the outside cell wall. Tend to have Negative charge. Many proteins are Negatively charged, it helps proteins in the ECF from sticking to cell wall.

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16
Q
  • Glycocalyx
A
  • The collection of both proteins & carbs on the outside of the cell. Make a Gel-like barrier.
  • Negatively charged
17
Q
  • Facilitated diffusion:
A

o No energy being consumed.
o Need carrier/transport protein. Conformational change  moved into cell.

18
Q
  • Sodium Potassium ATPase:
A

o For each cycle it uses 1 ATP leaving ADP, which finds another mitochondria to get another phosphate.
o 3Na+ moving out & 2K+ moving in simultaneously
o Pumping an extra + charged Ion out of cell making cell more Negative charge.
o If no ATP present to run pumps= bad
o Highest expenditures in the body

19
Q
  • Primary active Transport:
A

o Pump uses ATP directly across membrane against their gradient

20
Q
  • Depolarization
A

o Threshold is ~ -55mV
o Voltage-gated Na+ channel’s Activation gates (M-gates) open letting Na+ into cell
o Around +30mV Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates(H-gates) close

21
Q
  • Repolarization:
A

o Absolute Refractory Period
o Returning to resting membrane potential ~ -70mV
o +30mV will inactivate the Inactivation gates (M-gates) of Na+
o Voltage gated K+ channels are activated & lets K+ out of cell returning to ~ -90mV
o K+ channels are slower to close causing hyperpolarization

22
Q
  • Hyperpolarize
A

o Making a cell more negative to ~ -90mV
o Once at RMP the Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates open again & Activation Gates close

23
Q
  • Neuron Anatomy
A

o Soma: Controls upkeep of neuron
o Dendrites: Receiving end of neuron
o Axon: Sending part of neuron
o Axon Hillock: Important role in if a neuron can send an action potential
o Myelin: Insulation
o Presynaptic: Releases neurotransmitters
o Postsynaptic: Receives info

24
Q

o Astrocytes:

A

 BBB, most abundant
 Regulate ionic composition of CSF
 Neuron repair
 Help with recycling neurotransmitters

25
Q

Microglia:

A

CSF clean-up & CNS

26
Q

Ependymal Cells:

A
  • Produce CSF
  • Located in all 4 ventricles
27
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Enzyme: Catalase
  • Regulates H2O2 via Oxidative stress reactions
  • Heavily present in the liver
28
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Enzyme: Hydrolase
  • Metabolic reaction: Hydrolysis adding H+ & OH group to break things apart
  • Faster in acidic environment
  • Can help digest food in GI system
29
Q

Where is calcium stored intracellularly

A

Endoplastic reticulum

A&P (Fall 2022) (12 decks)

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