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A&P (Fall 2022) > Exam 2 Neuro: Spinal Cord Anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 2 Neuro: Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 spinal meningeal layers & their order inner to outer?

A

Pia Mater (inner), then Arachnoid layer(middle), & Dura (outer layer)

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2
Q

Collection of nerve roots come from where?

A

Cauda Equina

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3
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord is called?

A

Conus Medullaris

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4
Q

What fastens/anchors the base of the spinal cord? At what skeletal landmark?

A

Filum Terminale & sacral hiatus

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the Filum terminale?

A
  • Filum Terminale internum (Inside the Dural sac)
  • Filum Terminale externum
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6
Q

Where does the Dural sac terminate?

A

S-2

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?

A

L-1 to L-2

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8
Q

The Pia mater layer sits right on top of what?

A

Nervous system tissue (neurons & supporting cells).

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9
Q

Between which 2 layers does CSF flow & what is that space called?

A

Between Pia & Arachnoid. Called the subarachnoid space.

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10
Q

Where does the Dura layer taper off & why?

A

At the spinal ganglia. CSF give cushion & nutrition to the neurons

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11
Q

What 2 things are directly located above the dural space?

A

Fatty tissue & veins

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12
Q

Why are epidurals performed below S-2?

A

Cauda equina has more space & Dural sac is larger

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13
Q

What wraps around the cauda equina?

A

The Dural sac

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14
Q

Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargements & why?

A
  • At cervical C3 thru C6 & between T11 thru L1.
  • Lots of synapse & cell bodies making decisions for upper & lower extremities
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15
Q

Why does the spinal cord narrow in the thorax?

A

Not as many sensors. More for signal transport.

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16
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in a newborn?

A

L-2 to L-3

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17
Q

What is another name for the Dural sac?

A

Lumbar cistern

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18
Q

What is an incomplete fusion & adjustments should one make?

A
  • Ligmentum flava does not have complete midline fusion.
  • Come slightly off midline with epidural.
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19
Q

What is another name for the Pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal tracts

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20
Q

What is the medulla crossover point for corticospinal tract #1 called & where is it?

A

Pyramidal Decussation & in the Medulla

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21
Q

What is the primary way for efferent corticospinal tract #1?

A

Cortex -> Internal capsule -> Pyramids of Medulla -> Pyramidal decussation -> descending the lateral corticospinal tracts -> then lateral tract talks to anterior horns thru, Lamina 8, to motor neuron -> signal exits anterior rootlets

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22
Q

What percentage of pathway does not cross over & travels down which tract?

A

1-2% & travels down the uncrossed lateral corticospinal tract

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23
Q

Where is the crossover point for the 2nd corticospinal tract?

A

In the spinal cord at the same level it initiates activity

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24
Q

What is the purpose for Spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Feedback about movement, coordination

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25
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tracts are ______ feedback & ventral spinocerebellar tracts are _____feedback.

A

Muscle spindle & Golgi tendon

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26
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tracts terminate at the ___ cerebellar peduncle & dorsal tracts terminate at the ___cerebellar peduncle.

A

Superior & inferior

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27
Q

Fast pain ascends through the ____ pathway & slow pain ascends through the ____pathway.

A

Lateral & anterior

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28
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by fast pain?

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by slow pain?

A

Substance P, CGRP, & Glutamate

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30
Q

What is an example of slow pain?

A

Stomachache, hot & cold

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31
Q

What signal travels through Lamina 1?

A

Fast pain

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32
Q

What is another name for slow pain tract?

A

Paleospinothalamic tract

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33
Q

What is another name for fast pain tract?

A

Neospinothalamic tract

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34
Q

Where do pain signals cross over?

A

Anterior White Commissure at the same level it enters

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35
Q

Where does a lot of slow pain signals terminate?

A

In the Reticular formation in the PONS

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36
Q

How much of slow pain makes it to the thalamus?

A

~ 15%

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37
Q

The Reticular Formation plays a role in our?

A

Level of awareness & emotions

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38
Q

If a person has a hard time sleeping, feels emotionally crappy and has a lot of pain, what is most likely being overstimulated?

A

The Reticular Formation

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39
Q

The part of slow signal that makes it through the thalamus get relayed to the?

A

Parietal lobe

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40
Q

Where does fast pain cross over?

A

Lamina 10

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41
Q

What does fast pain pass through on its way to the thalamus?

A

The Ventrobasal complex

42
Q

What are the Extrapyramidal tracts called?

A

Vestibulospinal, Olivospinal, Reticulospinal, Rubrospinal

43
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulospinal tract?

A

Eye fixation, muscle orientation during acceleration

44
Q

What is the function of the Olivospinal tract?

A

Coordinate activation or inactivation of movement

45
Q

What is the function of the Reticulospinal tract?

A

Maintenance of muscle tone

46
Q

What is the function of the Rubrospinal tract?

A

Modulation of voluntary movement

47
Q

In someone with a stroke showing abnormal jerking movement would have a problem with this tract?

A

Reticulospinal

48
Q

Where does the process of the DIC start & then descends?

A

In the brainstem

49
Q

Where can the DIC system be activated?

A

The periventricular nuclei or the Periaqueductal gray

50
Q

What are the 1st order neurons in the DIC?

A

Enkephalins neurons

51
Q

What are the 2nd order neurons in the DIC?

A

Serotonergic neurons

52
Q

What is the connection point between 1st & 2nd order neurons?

A

Raphe magnus nucleus

53
Q

Where would 3rd order neurons be located?

A

In the spinal cord

54
Q

What kind of neuron is the 3rd order?

A

Enkephalin neuron

55
Q

3rd order neurons receive information from the 2nd order via what?

A

Serotonin

56
Q

What kind of endogenous opioid shuts down pain in the DIC?

A

Enkephalin

57
Q

What is the purpose of pain receptors?

A

To keep us from hurting ourselves

58
Q

Name 3 locations that do not have pain receptors?

A

Brain itself, Alveoli of the lungs, & the liver

59
Q

What part of the brain does contain pain receptors?

A

Dura mater & meninges

60
Q

What part of the liver contains the pain receptors?

A

The fibrous coating

61
Q

What kind of neurons are on muscles?

A

A- alpha

62
Q

Does blocking prostaglandin inhibit pain stimulus?

A

No, it decreases bodies’ sensitivity to pain stimulus

63
Q

What are the 3 Fast pain receptors responding to Glutamate?

A

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

64
Q

Activating an AMPA receptor will result in?

A

Na+ influx then action potential

65
Q

If an NMDA receptor is activated, it will result in?

A

Na+ &/or Ca++ influx

66
Q

Enkephalin receptors increase what?

A

Cell p

67
Q

Opioid receptors are only found in the CNS?

A

False, there are some in the periphery

68
Q

What location do opioids always exert their effect?

A

At the synapse

69
Q

What is the pain benefit of SSRI’s & SNRI’s & TCA’s?

A

They block serotonin re-uptake, which results in more enkephalin release.

70
Q

What kind of drug would most likely be given for someone with depression & a history of chronic pain?

A

TCA

71
Q

What kind of receptors are NMDA & AMPA?

A

Ionotropic receptors

72
Q

What are the primary & secondary Glutamate receptors?

A

Primary= AMPA, Secondary= NMDA

73
Q

A resting cell receives Glutamate, what happens to the NMDA receptors?

A

Nothing, they are blocked by magnesium

74
Q

What happens to NMDA receptors once a cell is depolarized?

A

The intracellular magnesium unblocks the channel

75
Q

NMDA receptors in the brain help us with what?

A

Learning & memory

76
Q

iNOS produces ____ from _____ causing relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

Nitric oxide & arginine

77
Q

What does Nitric Oxide do to the 1st order neuron cell?

A

Increase Glutamate release & sensitivity of which glutamate will be released –> increased pain

78
Q

What do prostaglandins do to the 1st order neuron?

A

Increase sensitivity & amount of neurotransmitter released

79
Q

Enkephalin or opioid receptors increase cell wall permeability to what?

A

K+ –> cell inhibition

80
Q

Activating Alpha-2 receptors decrease _____ release & shutting down the ____ synaptic cell?

A

Neurotransmitter & Pre

81
Q

Anesthetic gasses directly work on cells by what mechanism?

A

Increase cell permeability to K+

82
Q

What is the indirect mechanism of anesthetic gasses?

A

Activation of Periaqueductal gray & Periventricular nuclei

83
Q

What is the benefit of using Ketamine in anesthesia?

A

Able to keep BP & ventilation pretty normal

84
Q

Chronic ketamine exposure can lead to what?

A

Lead to decreasing NMDA receptor formation

85
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

A

Glycine

86
Q

The capability to distinguish two points of stimulation, even if very close together is an example of what?

A

Lateral inhibition

87
Q

Cranial nerves 5 & 9 are associated with what kind of syndrome?

A

tic douloureux

88
Q

Paroxysmal facial, mouth or throat pain caused by touch or cold is indicative of?

A

tic douloureux

89
Q

In what column do pain sensation, crude touch, & temperature sensation signals travel?

A

Anterolateral columns

90
Q

Where is the Somatosensory cortex located?

A

In the postcentral gyrus

91
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

In the precentral gyrus

92
Q

Anterolateral signals cross in the?

A

Anterior white commisure

93
Q

Information about highly localized touch sensation & body position is conveyed through what system?

A

DCML

94
Q

Where are the 1st order afferent neuron cell bodies of the DCML found?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

95
Q

What carries axons from the nucleus gracilis to the thalamus?

A

medial lemniscus

96
Q

What kind of fibers need to be stimulated to decrease peripheral sharp pain & this is an example of what?

A

Beta type A from peripheral tactile receptors.
Lateral inhibition

97
Q

What body part is superior & medial of the post-central gyrus (Hemunculus)?

A

Lower limb

98
Q

Loss of vibration & motor function on the right hand would be indicative of?

A

Loss or damage to the right side of the spinal cord @C-2

99
Q

Loss of all activity off the right side of the spinal cord @ C-2 would result in what kind of loss in the left hand?

A

Crude touch, pain sensation, & temperature sensation.
(those travel on the contralateral side in the anterolateral system)

100
Q

What disorder is characterized by loss of pain on one side & loss of sensation on the other?

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A&P (Fall 2022) (12 decks)

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