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A&P (Fall 2022) > A&P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Concentration of protons in one parts of the body= same in another parts of the body= only time= death.

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2
Q

Example of equilibrium?

A

Osmolarity= water concentration

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3
Q

Example of homeostasis?

A

CV system.

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4
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Passive, no energy, moving down its gradient, slow process. Primarily occurs between CV system & the fluid between the cells.

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5
Q

What moves by diffusion?

A

Oxygen(one way), glucose(energy, gives ATP), fats(triglycerides & consumed to make ATP), starches, cholesterol (important pre-cursor, made in GI system or liver), HCO3 (primary buffer, helps w/ CO2 diffusion from the tissues into the CV system & carried out)

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6
Q

Primary area of diffusion?

A

Between CV system & the fluid between cells.

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7
Q

2 ways things move around in the body?

A

Diffusion & Pump

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8
Q

How does the negative feedback loop work?

A

Sensors determine what is needed & gives feedback to control center, which tells organs to perform tasks. The change is negative to the stimuli.

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9
Q

Example of ANS works via negative feedback loop?

A

BP goes up, baroreceptors notice change(affector) & send the afferent signal to the spinal cord & to the brain, which takes action to bring BP to baseline. Effector could be vacsular tone, HR, etc.

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10
Q

What is ANP? Where is it from?

A

Atrial Naturetic Peptide. Released from the Right Atrium due to stretch of the heart.

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11
Q

What is the change to the stimuli in a negative feedback loop?

A

The change is negative to the stimuli.

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12
Q

How does the positive feedback system work?

A

Stimuli causes some type of change. The body responds by amplifying this change. Good for some things, bad for others. Vicious cycles are usually avoided in physiologic positive feedback loops(checkpoints, safety valves).

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13
Q

Good examples of positive feedback?

A
  • Oxytocin-induced uterine contraction amplification via cervix stretch.
  • Blood clotting cascade/platelet plug formation(clotting factor activation, TXA2-mediated vasospasm)
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14
Q

What can be offloaded by CV system into the tissues via diffusion.

A

Oxygen, glucose, fats, starches, cholesterol, HCO3.

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15
Q

Explain the pump system.

A

Fast moving, helps to expedite movement, Heart(2 pumps), lymphatic system: helps move lots of fluid out of interstitial space & into CV system. Works by passive energy & relies on skeletal muscles & one way valves.

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16
Q

What system helps move fluids out of interstitial space into CV system?

A

Lymphatic system

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17
Q

Examples of negative feedback.

A
  • Increased CO2 -> Increased ventilation -> Decreased CO2. - Decreased MAP -> Sympathetic Outflow -> Increased MAP
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18
Q

Bad examples of positive feedback?

A
  • Sepsis/necrosis. - severe acidosis: CNS effects. - Peripheral acidotic conditions. - Atherosclerotic plaque clotting. - Diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration)nephrons die= more filtration). - Severe hemorrhage(Decreased MAP -> decreased coronary flow-> decreased CO2-> decreased MAP.
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19
Q

Example of a vicious cycle? Renal

A

Nephrons disappear, remaining ones do more work, causing shorter lifespan.

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20
Q

How does ANP work on the kidneys to get rid of fluid?

A

It inhibits Na reabsorption & acts to reduce plasma volume(urine).

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21
Q

Example vicious cycle? Sepsis

A

Sepsis can promote worse sepsis due to original problem not being solved, severe acidosis-> RR not responding appropriately.

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22
Q

What feedback works well for compensated shock?

A

Negative feedback

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23
Q

Relationship between decompensated shock & positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback leads to death & negative feedback insufficient.

24
Q

What are some byproducts of reactions?

A
  • CO2, H(functional Eq of CO2), solid waste, water, urea, heat(main source is skeletal muscle compartment)
25
Q

What comes out in homeostasis?

A

Energy= heat, work, movement, potential energy= internal compounds the body uses to store energy, some in ATP(short term)= energy currency of the body, form of carb & fat compounds.

26
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

How the body works under normal conditions. Normal body temp, blood gas, ion count & to keep it that way. What goes in = what comes out.

27
Q

What is ANP?

A

The atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) is a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body. Its main function is to lower blood pressure and to control electrolyte homeostasis. Its main targets are the kidney and the cardiovascular system but ANP interacts with many other hormones in order to regulate their secretion

28
Q

The ECF is made up of what?

A

Plasma & Interstital

29
Q

How does ANP control blood pressure?

A
  • If CVP is down then more ANP is released

- If CVP is up then more ANP is secreted, which causes increased fluid excretion by the kidneys

30
Q

Which part in the body senses CO2 levels?

A

Brainstem

31
Q

In in Type I diabetic, what are some examples of regulatory changes the body makes?

A
  • Decrease Epinephrine, Glucagon, &/or Cortisol production/secretion
32
Q

What fails in decompensated shock?

A

Both negative & positive feedback systems

33
Q

What cell sense & organ sense increased glucose levels & combat them with insulin?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

34
Q

Explain how the pathway of cortisol correcting low blood glucose.

A

Hypothalamus informs pituitary gland, which tells adrenal glands to increase cortisol levels, which increases blood glucose.

35
Q 
Which of these are incorrect?
A) ↓ MAP → ↓Sympathetic Outflow → ↑MAP
B) ↓ MAP → ↑ADH → ↑MAP
C) ↓ MAP →  ↑Parasympathetic Outflow → ↑MAP
D) ↓ MAP → ↓ANP → ↑MAP
A

A & C

36
Q

In detail, describe the pathway of how DNA ends up in a complex protein

A

1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA inside the Nucleus.
2) The mRNA is then translated via ribosomes located on the Granulated ER into proteins.
3) The proteins are transported via transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.
4) The Golgi apparatus edits, shapes, manipulates these proteins into their needed configuration.
5) Secretion vesicles then transport the protein out of the cell. (Or stay inside the cell/cell wall if that is its purpose).

37
Q

Name the 3 body fluid compartments and their amount of fluid.

A

Plasma: 3 Liters
Interstitial: 11 Liters
Intracellular: 28 Liters

38
Q

What is lipid rescue?

A

A bunch if carrier lipids are given IV, which engulf lipid-soluble drugs to be excreted.

39
Q

What is a Micele & its function?

A

Phospholipids arranged in a circular or ball shape.

Useful for delivery of lipid-soluble drugs. Engulfs the drug.

40
Q

What is Sphingomyeling associated with?

A

Neural tissue b/c of myelin

41
Q

What are Integral Proteins?

A

Proteins that are fully embedded & bridge the cell wall

42
Q

Where are Peripheral Proteins found?

A

They move around inside the cell.

43
Q

What is the Glycocolax?

A

The collection of proteins & carbs/sugars on the outside of the cell. They make a Gel-like barrier on the outside of the cell.

44
Q

List water soluble things

A

Ions, some proteins, carbs, gasses, buffers, drugs

45
Q

List water insoluble items

A

Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, drugs

46
Q

Explain Steady State

A

At rest the ECF & ICF are in a steady state.

Ex: Concentration of Na, Cl, K+ inside & outside of the cell wall.

47
Q

What is the concentration of Na inside the cell vs blood?

A

1:10
14 intracellular
140 extracellular

48
Q

What is the concentration of K+ intracellular vs extracellular?

A

1:35
140 intracellular
4 extracellular

49
Q

Concentration ratio of Cl intracellular vs extracellular?

A

1:25
4 intracellular
108 extracellular

50
Q

What is the concentration ratio of Calcium intracellular vs extracellular?

A

Virtually none inside the cell

51
Q

What does magnesium do?

A
  • Slows things down

- More intracellular. Chemical co-factor to help complete or speed-up reactions

52
Q

What is HCO3 and where is it found?

A
  • Primary buffer

- Found in ECF

53
Q

What are the functions of Phosphates

A
  • Important for energy, so mostly inside the cell

- Frequently used to turn enzymes on or off (phosphorylation)

54
Q

What does Phosphocreatinine do?

A
  • Energy compound that can be phosphorylated.

- Can donate its Phos to ADP for short-term help.

55
Q

Things needed for H₂O soluble to cross membrane

A
  • Channels- specifically Ion Channels, can be very specific. Other can be for any positive or Negative charged ion.
  • Pumps- some use ATP directly, others use it indirectly.
  • Transporters- don’t use energy. Move along concentration gradient

A&P (Fall 2022) (12 decks)

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