Exam 1:L17 Flashcards
out of order (27 cards)
What is parenchyma?
proliferating neoplastic cells
What is stroma?
supporting tissue
How is desmoplasia defined? What are desmoplastic tumors?
- desmoplasia is excessive stromal tissue
- desmoplastic tumors shows abundant collagenous stroma (feel hard on palpitation)
What are examples of desmoplastic tumors?
- scirrhous carcinoma breast
- pancreatic adenocarcinoma
What suffix is used for benign tumors and malignant tumors?
- oma
- carcinoma
what are 2 types of benign tumors?
- epithelial
- mesenchymal
What are the different epithelial tumors you can have?
- arising from gland
- arising from glands, and have finger-like projections
- arising from glands with cystic pattern
- adenoma
-polyp, papilloma
-cystadenoma
Describe adenomas
-tumor with solid glandular tissue
- polyps can form when it pedunculate inside of the lumen (GI polyps)
Describe cystadenoma
-adenomas with cystic space with papillary ingrowths of neoplastic epithelium protruding
-serous cystadenoma or a mucus cystadenoma (depends on what type of fluid the cyst secretes)
What type of mesenchymal benign tumors are there?
- tumor with fibrocollagen
- tumor with cartilage
-tumor with bone
- fibroma
-chondroma - osteoma
- ex. ovarian fibroma: tumor composed of dense fibrous tissue
Describe Ovarian fibroma
- mean age 48 yrs
- sex cord stromal tumor
- ascites is the general abdominal associated symptom
- Meigs syndrome is defined as the triad of benign ovarian tumor with ascites and pleural effusion
Describe malignant epithelial tumors
-arising from squamous lining
- arising from glandular
- squamous cell carcinoma–> from esophagus or ectocervix
- adenocarcinoma –> from stomach or pancreas
What are keratin pearls?
abnormal squamous cells form concentric layers
What are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin referred to? Give nomenclature examples
sarcoma (means fish flesh)
- fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue)
-osteosarcoma (osteoid)
-rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle)
- chondrosarcoma (chondroid)
-leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)
What is a pleomorphic adenoma?
- morphology?
-clinical features?
- mixed–> divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone along 2 lines like epithelial and mesenchymal (fibrous, chondroid, myxoid)
- most arise from parotid gland
- slow growing benign tumor
surgery: have to make sure you preserve the facial nerve
Describe a teratoma
- morphology
- clinical feature
- tumors representing more than one germ layer
- 3 types of ovarian teratoma: mature (benign), immature (malignant), and monodermal
- women in reproductive age
- most arise from gonads, ovarian is most common
- cyst wall is composed of stratified squamous tissue with underlying sebaceous glands, hair shafts, and other skin adnexal structure
- typically benign, malignancy is rare
What is struma ovarii?
- composed entirely of mature thyroid tissue, which may be functional and cause hyperthyroidism…. can produce thyroid hormones
- always unilateral
- an example of monodermal or specialized teratoma
What is Choristoma?
- masses of normal tissue found in abnormal places
- ex. pancreatic tissue found in the stomach wall, gastric mucosa in Meckel diverticulum (small bowel with gastric mucosa… shouldn’t be there)
What is a Hamartoma?
- mass of disorganized by mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to that site
- tumor like malformation
- growth is coordinated with the surrounding tissue (not seen after adolescence)
- ex. in lung as solitary pulmonary nodule on radiology
What is a solitary pulmonary nodule?
- a discrete, well marginated, rounded opacity less than or equal to 3 cm in diameter
- completely surrounded by lung parenchyma (proliferating tissue)
- does not touch the hilum or mediastinum
- not associated with adenopathy, atelectasis, or pleural effusion
What is the difference between “well- differentiated” and “Poorly differentiated”/ anaplastic?
- resemble comparable normal cell ( structure, similar functionality, molecule production)
- does it or doesn’t it?
- poorly defined require immunohostochemistry to confirm epithelial origin
What are the differences between malignant and benign tumors?
Benign:
- always well-differentiated
-remain localized (never invade o metastasize)
- typically encapsulated
Malignant:
- can be well differentiated or anaplastic
- risk of metatsisis/ spreading
Follicular adenoma thyroid
What microscopic characteristics (morphology)can you use to determine if the tumor is benign or malignant?
- pleomorphism (no- B, yes- M)
- size and shape (Malignant will be different sizes)
- loss of polarity: mitosis happens in the middle of the epithelial layer, causing disordered orientation
- staining for the nuclei (hyperchromatism)
- nuclei to cytoplasm ratio (malignant will be 1:1 instead of 1: 4-6)
- mitosis (benign will be bipolar/spindle shaped; malignant could be tripolar, quadripolar, stellate, etc. )
- tumor giant cells–> have two or more nuclei
- tumor necrosis–> in rapidly growing tumors; ischemic areas develop, mostly in central areas…direct blood supply to new area.. have to biopsy the borders
- ischemia is noted following treatment (chemo, radiation)
