Exam 2: Lecture 36 Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

What does IL-3 and GM-CSF do?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does EPO do?

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does TPO do?

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does G-CSF do?

A

promotes differentiation of Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What places are hematopoiesis is occurring post-natally?

A
  • vertebral and pelvis
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • femur
  • lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name Lympho- hematopoietic organs

A
  • tonsils
  • thymus gland
  • spleen
  • LN
  • Peyer’s patches
  • blood and bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T - T and B- B

A

T cells and thymus
B cell and Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of biopsies can be conducted for a patient with a blood disorder?

A
  • bone marrow
  • LN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What different lab tests for blood diseases? (9)

A
  • CBC
  • Differential count
  • chemistry profile
  • Reticulocyte count
    -LDH
    -Coombs test
  • ABO and HLA typing
  • coagulation factors
  • immunoglobulin analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the variation of size called? What is the variation of shape called?

A
  • anisocytosis- variation in size
  • poikilocytosis- variation in shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the patterns of Macrocyte

A
  • large RBC
  • elevated MVC
  • Can be seen in megaloblastic anemia, liver disease, hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the patterns of Target cell

A
  • appears with decreased about of Hb
  • iron deficiency
  • hemoglobinopathies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the patterns of Pencil cell

A
  • seen in iron deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the patterns of Microspherocyte

A
  • smaller size and loses its central pallor (color)
  • MVC typically normal
  • hereditary spherocytosis
  • autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • hemolytic transfusion rxn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the patterns of Fragments/ schistocytes

A
  • MAHA (TTP, DIC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the patterns of tear drop

A
  • Myelofibrosis
  • infiltrative process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the patterns of Basket cell

A
  • G6PD deficiency
  • part of RBC is missing
18
Q

Describe the patterns of sickle cell

19
Q

Describe the patterns of microcytes

A
  • lower MVC
  • smaller RBC
  • iron deficiency
  • hemoglobinopathy
20
Q

Describe the patterns of burr cell / echinocyte

A
  • kidney disease
21
Q

Describe the patterns of acanthocyte (spur cell)

A
  • liver disease
22
Q

Describe RBC inclusions

A
  • nucleated RBC- seen in BM because they are immature–> marrow infiltrated process will have these in the periphery
  • Basophilic stippling–> result of denatured RNA.. seen in lead poisoning and hemoglobinopathies
  • Reticulocyte–> immature RBC indicative of increased red cell turn over (methylene blue)
  • HOWELL- Jolly body–> DNA remnant classically seen in patients without a spleen
  • Heinz bodies–> denature Hb seen in G6PD (methylene blue)
23
Q

What are structure patterns you will notice with G6DP?

A
  • heinz bodies
  • basket cell
24
Q

What does flow cytometry note?

A
  • immunophenotyping by flow cytometry –> tell us what antigens are on the WBC surface
25
JAK2 mutation
- Myeloproliferative disorder
26
When are biopsies conducted?
- BM: leukemia, staging lymphoma, unexplained pancytopenia (all type of blood cells are low--RBC, WBC, Platelets) - LN biopsy--> when lymphoma is suspected and unexplained lymphadenopathy
27
What is bone marrow aspiration?
- BM smear with hematopoietic cells - used for molecular/ cytogenetic studies and flow cytometry - 2:1 ratio of myelo to erytho cells
28
Describe bone marrow cellularity
- normocellular BM - hypercellular BM--> ex. lymphoma - Acellular BM (aplastic marrow)--> can happen after chemotherapy ; radiation to the bone
29
Describe cells that are in the category of granulocytes. lymphocyte
- Granulocytes: BEN--- Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils - Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, NK cells
30
Compare and contrast Leukopenia and Leukocytosis
- Leukopenia--> WBC count is less than the lower limit of the reference range - Leukocytosis--> WBC count is more than the upper limit of the reference range
31
Describe Neutropenia
- type of leukopenia - less than teh lower limit - increases the risk of infections, bacterial infections --> may have life-threatening sepsis - prolonged neutrophina can ncreas eteh risk of opportunistic infections including fungal and viral infectiosn - neutropenia may be isolated or part of pancytopenia
32
What are the congenial causes of neutropenia?
- Kostmann's syndrome (severe congenial neutropenia; affects myelopoiesis-- >RBC, platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes) - cyclic neutropenia (congenial form where they have fluxuative neutrophil counts)
33
What are acquired causes of neutropenia?
- B12 , B9 deficiency - infections (viral, HIV; severe bacterial infection like gram negative septicemia) - Drugs ( methimazole, sulfas) --> agranulocytosis (extremely low levels of neutrophils) - chemotherapy and radiation - autoimmune neutropenia - BM failure and, malignancies (aplastic anemia, myelodysplasia, leukemia, lymphoma, myelofibrobrosis, metastatic cancer)
34
What is a duffy-null associated neutrophil count?
- normal variant - inherited cause of mildly decreased neutrophil count - African decent, Greek, Arab, Sephardic jews - Diagnosis: look for the absence of Duffy (Fy) antigen on RBC - homozygosity for SNP of ACKR1 gene - not associated with an increase in infections--> no treatment necessary
35
What is neutropenia managements?
- treat the underline cause - stop suspected cause - prophylactic antibacterial agents to prevent infections - Filgramstim (G-CSF) injections to stimulate neutrophil growth - corticosteroid therapy can be used for autoimmune neutropenia
36
What causes neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia)?
- Drugs like corticosteroid therapy - bacterial infections like pyogenic bacteria - inflammation and tissue necrosis - acute hemorrhage or hemolysis - metabolic disorders - neoplasm - malignancies--> chronic myeloid leukemia (increase WBC count) - Asplenia (absence of normal spleen function)
37
What is the leukemoid reaction?
- benign, marked reactive leukocytes; usually characterized by the presence of many bands and neutrophils in the blood - sepsis is the most common etiology - more common in children and young adults
38
What is the Eosinophilia ( eosinophilic leukocytosis)? NAACP
- N: neoplastic (CML and hypereosinophilic syndrome) -A: allergenic ( rhinitis,, atopic dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity) - A: asthma - C: connective tissue disorders (SLE and sarcoidosis) - P: parasitic and fungal infections ( helminthic, histoplasmosis)
39
Describe hypereosinophicic syndrome
- a group of disorders characterized by sustained eosinophilia associated with tissue damage due to tissue infiltration of eosinophils - e. rash, pulmonary, GI, cardiac
40
Describe Monocytosis an d its causes
- monocyte count is more than the upper limit - causes: chronic infections (TB, protozoan), connective tissue disease, AML( acute myeloid leukemia), CMML ( a form of MDS- myeloid dysplasia) -
41
What type of leukemia is associated with monocytopenia?
hairy cell leukemia