Exam 1: Pathoma

Question 1

Keratomalacia

Question 2

myositis ossificans

Question 3

Anemia

Question 4

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Question 6

What molecules induces redness and warmth (cardinal signs of inflammation)? What causes it?

Answer 6

• prostaglandins
• histamine
• bradykinin

Question 7

What is the mediator of swelling? (Cardinal signs of inflammation) what does it cause?

Answer 7

• Histamine ( causes endothelial cell contraction and tissue damage)
• exudate

Question 8

What are the mediators of pain (cardinal signs of inflammation)?

Answer 8

• bradykinins
• PGE2

Question 9

What are the larger mediators or acute inflammation? What are the smaller mediators involved in these larger mediators? (Include mechanisms)

Answer 9

• TLR:
• Arachadonic Acid—> PG and LT ( cyclooxygenase and 5 lipoxidase)
• mast cells —> release histamine
• complement —> C3a and C5a ( activate mast cells); (C5a chemotactic for neutrophils); C3b opsonin for phagocytosis ; MAC complex that forms pores in cell membrane
• hageman factor ( factor 12) —> activates 1) coagulation/ fibrinolysis ; 2) complement; 3) kinin system that cleaves HMWK to Bradykinin

Question 10

Describe the difference in pathways of arachadonic acids when cleaved by phospholipids A2

Answer 10

• cyclooxygenase —> prostaglandins
• PGD2, PGI2, PGE2: mediates vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
• PGE2: mediates pain and fever
• 5 lipooxygenase—> leukotrienes ( LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
• LTB4: attracts and activates neutrophils * bring the Boys to the yard
• LTC-E: vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability

Question 11

What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation (present cell types) ?

Answer 11

• acute: neutrophils
• chronic : lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 12

Describe the mechanism of action of fever