Exam 1: Lecture 4: The Appalachian Environment and One Health Flashcards by Matthew Irvin

What is considered the “sociosphere” of the One health model

Culture
economics
religion
politics
social aspects
etc.

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_______ culture is frequently used as a nebulous explanatory varibale of the regions health status

Appalachia

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It is difficult to conceive of an accurate defintion of an “Appalachain Culture” for some 25 million peple living in ______ states from a multitide of background and life expierences

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How is kentuckys health compared to the US average health

worse

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How is Appalachia’s average health compared to Kentucky’s average health

worse

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Appalachian kentucky is one of the (Healthy / unhealthy) regions in the nation. Ranking poorly on numerous health measures. Some experts worry whats happening there could be a foreshadow for what is in store for the USA as a whole if distrubting trends such as rising obestiy

Unhealthy

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How many people die per 100,000 people for the USA as a whole

236

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What percent of deaths per 100,000 people in Kentucky as a whole

47% higher than national averge which is 236 people/100000 people

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How would you describe Appalachian regions HEALTH to Kentucky compared to the USA as a whole

nearly double

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Does the USA, Kentucky or Applachian Kentucky have higher number of diabetes cases

Appalachian, then KY then USA

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Does the USA, Kentucky or Applachian Kentucky have higher number of obesity cases

Appalachian, then KY then USA

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Does the USA, Kentucky or Applachian Kentucky have higher number of Smoking cases

Appalachian, then KY then USA

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Lung cancer is far higher rate in Appalachian Kentucky than the USA overall, largely due to what factor

Highest in the nation smoking rate

USA: 47/ 100,000 people
KY: 83% higher than USA
APK: Even higher

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What are the 4 leading causes of death

Heart disease
Cancer
Cerebrovascular
Chronic Lower respiratory

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What are the top 4 contributing causes of death?

Tobacco
Poor diet / inactivity
Alochol
- Motor vehicle accidents
Microbial agents

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Extenive epidemologist research determined what specific behaviors that are MAJOR contributors to Appalachians health disparities

Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
diet

HOWEVER, these bahviors are NOT unquie to appalachia

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T/F: Appalachian region as a whole contains a shortage of medical professionals when compared to the rest of the country

FALSE
- they do not contain

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T/F: Appalachia suffers from an uneven distribution of health care resouces with those resources concentrated in the more prosperous and populated appalachain counties

true

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T/F: The major concern is that persons with Kidney disease are often unaware that they have the disease, resulting in many undiagnosed cases

true

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What is considered the nations most obese regions as well as having higher rates of food insecurity

Appalachian regions

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How would you define Trauma Medicine availablilty in Appalachian medicine

Appalachian faces unusual challenges related to occupations and recreational activities that exposes residents to high risk of injury, particularly coal mining, logging, and all terrain vehicle use

However, trauma care in Appalachia is unevenly distributed and generally underdeveloped, unorganized, fragmented, understaffed, and underfunded

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How does psychological distress, depression and suicide compare to the rest of the nation….. and why?

Higher rates than the rest of the nation

Due in part to the prevelance of social, economic, and ecological stressors
Appalachians with mental health problems may not be receiving adequate outpatient treatment or timely access to inpatient services, resulting in increased use of emergency services

Out of 95 counties in TN, where does Claiborne county sit at regarding length of life?

89/95

Out of the 95 counties in TN, where does Claiborne county sit at regarding Quality of life?

90/95

_____% of the US farmland is located in Appalachain counties

______ % of the US farms are loacted in Appalachian counties

12%

Small farms dominate Appalachia with over ______% with 100 acres or less than and _______% with less than 50 acreas - compared to the US average of 343 acreas

95% 60%

Who has more cattle on averge and what are those averages

Appalachia: 65% US Herd: 39%

Cattle and pigs dominate. Together they make up what percent of Appalachian large animals

91% 65% cattle 26% swine

How is most of Appalachian Beef Produced?

Cow-calf operations

What percent of veternarians in TN are over the age of 60?

18% of those, 48% are located within the ARC counties

What Direct enviornmental componet can effect livestock?

Copper deficiency Selenium deficiency

Margial to severe _______ deficiency in cattle is widespread across the United States, especially in the Appalachian mountain and costal plain regions

Copper

What is this caused by?

Copper Deficiency Black animals develop a reddish or gray tint to the hair and red animals become more bleached

What is one of the most visible signs of copper deficiency in cattle?

Change in hair color The coat becomes dull instead of shiny

What is this caused by?

Selenium deficiency

What causes this problem?

Selenium disease

In calves, what is a sure sign of selenium deficiency?

White muscle disease lesions occur in skeletal and/or heart muscles

Animals with affected with upper fore and hind limbs, and affected animals walk with stiff-legged gait or unable to stand is seen in what deficiency

selenium

Is acute lead poisoning more common in older or younger calves

younger

What is the predominant clinical sign in Lead posining in cattle

Signs associted with GI and nervous systems

In cattle, what can cause ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic, twitching of eyelids, jaw chomping, bruxism, muscle tremores and convuslions in 24-48 hours upon exposure?

Lead Poisoning in cattle

What species is lead poisoning most commin in?

dogs cattle

In cattle, many lead posinoning effects are contributed to what enviornmntal problems?

Farming activites when used oil and batter disposal from machinery that is handled imporoperly

__________ prevelance and concetration in beed cattle paddocks, soils and forage

Cryptosporidium oocytes

______% of dogs infected with one or more intestnial nematodes

33%

what causes this issue?

Ocular larval migrans in Humans CDC study around 14% US is seropositive for toxocara canis

Domestic species accounted for _____% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2013; a ____% decrease compared in 2012

8% 10%

What percent of rabies issues are seen in cats?

53%

What percent of rabies issues are seen in dogs?

19%

What percent of rabies issues are seen in cattle?

18%

What species have represented the majority of rabid domestic animals since 1992 with the state of Pennsylvania having reported the largest number of rabid _____(40), followed by Virginia(37)

Cats cats also go in the FITB

In 2013, there were _____ rabid dogs reported representing a 6% increase compared with 2012 reports

89 rabid dogs