Exam 2: Lecture 16: Pelvic Cavity, retroperitoneum & urinary system Flashcards by Matthew Irvin

What is the main component of the pelvic cavity?

-The bony pelvis

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What makes up the “bony pelvis”?

-Sacrum (dorsal part of pelvis)
-Os Coxae (fusion of ilium, ischium, pubic)
-Pelvic symphysis

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How does the pelvic symphysis ossify in the horse?

-Ossifies from the pelvic bone 1st, then goes caudal to the ischial bone
-(ossifies cranial to caudal)

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What is the terminal line of the pelvic inlet?

-The pelvic brim

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What does the pelvic brim look like in mares and stallions?

-Mares = rounder
-Stallions = ovoid (ventral part narrower in stallions)

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What makes up the terminal line of the pelvic inlet?

-Body of ileum laterally
-Right and left cranial branch of the pubis

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The pelvic outlet is ____ than the pelvic inlet

-Narrower

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Which is more flexible, the pelvic inlet or the pelvic outlet?

-Pelvic outlet b/c of the ligaments and muscles

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When looking at the pelvic outlet from the outside, what is the central part?

-The anus

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The vulva is ___ in the pelvic outlet and “sits” _____

-Vulva is ventral in pelvic outlet
-“Sits” in ischial arch

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What are the dorsal, lateral, and ventral borders of the pelvic outlet?

-Dorsal: 1st caudal vertebrae
-Lateral: Sacrosciatic lig. & pelvic diaphragm
-Ventral: Ischiatic arch

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What is indicated by the pink line?

-Sciatic ligament

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What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint & why?

-Modified synovial joint b/c the auricular surfaces of the wing of sacrum & wing of ilium meet

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What is inside the sacroiliac joint?

-Hyaline cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Supporting ligaments (dorsal sacroiliac lig., ventral sacroiliac lig., interosseous lig.)

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Does the sacroiliac joint move much & why does this matter?

-No
-Important b/c this joint is going to pass all the force from the strength from the left to the spine (so need a little bit of movement but not too much)

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What is indicated by the red arrows?

-Sacroiliac joint

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The dorsal sacroiliac ligament is ____ to the sacroiliac joint

-Dorsal

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The ventral sacroiliac ligament is ____ to the sacroiliac joint

-Ventral

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The interosseous ligament is ____ the sacroiliac joint

-Inside

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What ligament is indicated by the pink star?

-Sacrosciatic

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The sacrosciatic ligament in the horse is similar to what ligament in the dog?

-Sacrotuberous ligament

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What is the fancy name for the sacrotuberous ligament?

-Sacrotuberale latum

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What are the boundaries of the sacrosciatic ligament?

-Lateral sacrum (& 1st caudal vertebrae) to ilium & ischium
-Greater ischiatic notch (foramen)
-Lesser ischiatic notch (foramen)

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What goes through the greater ischiatic notch (foramen)?

-Lumbosacral trunk
-Cranial gluteal artery & vein

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What does through the lesser ischiatic notch (foramen)?

-Tendon of internal obturator in the horse

What is important to remember about the ligaments in the sacroiliac joint?

-There are strong ligaments inside this joint

The urinary system consists of 6 organs, what are they?

-2 kidneys -2 ureters -1 urinary bladder -1 urethra

What do the kidneys do?

-Filter blood & produce urine -Remove waste products & convert filtrate into urine -Produce renin & erythropoietin (2 important physiologic hormones)

What do the ureters do?

-Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

What does the urinary bladder do?

-Expandable muscular sac -Blind sac that stores urine

What does the urethra do?

-Eliminates urine from the body

What is the difference in the urethras between males and females?

-The length of the urethra (longer in males)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Adrenal gland

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Kidney

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Ureter

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Urinary bladder

Where are the kidneys located?

-Retroperitoneal "behind the peritoneum"

The ____ kidney is more cranial

-Right

Where is the right vs left kidney located?

-Right = ~16th-17th rib -Left = ~ last rib & 1st transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

Where exactly is the right kidney located (more than rib #)

-Cranial pole is in the renal fossa in the liver -Dorsal border against the diaphragm

Both right and left kidneys are between

-The thoracolumbar junction & paralumbar fossa

The kidneys are covered in

-Perinephric fat and a fibrous capsule

What is located medially and close to the cranial pole of both kidneys?

-The adrenal glands

What is the shape of the left vs. right kidney of the horse?

-Left kidney = bean shaped & smooth -Right kidney = heart shaped & smooth

The outer part of the kidney is the _____ and contains

-Cortex -Contains renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules

The inner part of the kidney is the _____ and contains

-Medulla -Contains long loops of Henle & collecting ducts

The union of every single papillae of every single pyramid in the kidney is called

-**Renal crest**

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Renal pelvis

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Terminal recess

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Unipapillary with renal crest

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Terminal recesses

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Renal pelvis

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Terminal recess (w/ injected papillary ducts)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Terminal recess (w/ injected papillary ducts)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Ureter

The right kidney is located _______ and is found _____ on ultrasound

-Located ventral to last 2 or 3 ribs & 1st lumbar transverse process -Find transcutaneously on ultrasound

The left kidney is located _____ and is found _____ on ultrasound

-Located ventral to the last rib & 1st 2 or 3 lumbar processes -Find transcutaneously & rectally on ultrasound

What is the nephrosplenic (renosplenic) ligament?

-Peritoneal fold between organs (joins the spleen w/ the kidney) -Entrapment zone for small & large intestines

What would you do to the spleen to fix an entrapment in the nephrosplenic ligament?

-In horses the spleen has ~30% of the whole blood of the body (so a lot) so you can take blood out of the spleen (by exercise or drugs) to remove the entrapment -Last resort: consider surgery for entrapment

What is indicated by the blue arrow?