Exam 2: Lecture 15: Accessory Digestive Organs, Topography, & Blood Supply Flashcards by Matthew Irvin

Q

What is lacking in equine species digestive organ?

A

-A gallbladder

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Q

Where is the liver in horses, specifically?

A

-Primarily to the right of the median plane
-Right side = 6th-15th rib
-Left side = 6th-11th rib

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Q

What are the landmarks for a liver biopsy?

A

-Line from tuber coaxe -> point of shoulder; line from tuber coxae -> tuber olecrani

-Between 12th & 14th ICS at level between lines of above landmarks

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Q

Where is the stomach & specific parts located in the horse?

A

-Left side, dorsal; never touches abdominal floor

-Cardia = 11th rib (upper)
-Fundus = 15th rib (upper)
-Body, lowest part = 9th-10th rib (middle)

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Q

Where is the spleen located in horses, specifically?

A

-Left side, immediately caudal to stomach
-Base: last 3-4 ribs (upper); extent of apex can vary, generally to 10th or 9th rib

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Q

Where are the kidneys located in horses, specifically?

A

-Right = Ribs 16-18 (upper), caudal pole is cranial to transverse process of L1
-Left = Rib 18 (upper) & Transverse Processes of L1-L3

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Q

What is the cranial extent of the abdominal cavity?

A

-Diaphragm

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Q

What is the caudal extent of the thoracic cavity?

A

-Line of pleural reflection

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Q

Where is the basal border of the lungs?

A

-Ribs 6 (CC jxn.), 11 (middle), 16 (upper)

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Q

What is different about the liver in a horse than the dog?

A

-Horses livers do NOT extend to the abdominal floor, dogs do

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Q

What is shown by the yellow arrow?

A

-Epiploic Foramen

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Q

What is the epiploic foramen?

A

-Opening into the omental bursa

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Q

What is the epiploic foramen bounded by?

A

-Caudal vena cava & caudate lobe of liver dorsally
-Hepatic portal vein & pancreas ventrally

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Q

What can happen at the epiploic foramen?

A

-Small intestine can become entrapped here
-Usually, ileum is involved, either alone or in combination w/ jejunum

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Left lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Right lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Quadrate lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Right lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudate process of caudate lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Quadrate lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Left lobe of the liver

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Right kidney

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Descending duodenum

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Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Right lobe of the liver

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What is indicated by the blue star?

-Quadrate lobe of the liver

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Right lobe of the liver (reflected)

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Right kidney

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Mesoduodenum

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Descending duodenum

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

-Portal vein -Caudate lobe of liver -Pancreas

Where does the pancreas lie in the horse?

-Lies largely to the right of the median plane -Pressed against the dorsal wall of the abdomen

The body of the pancreas extends into the

-Cranial duodenal flexure

The right lobe of the pancreas contacts the

-Descending duodenum

The left lobe of the pancreas extends

-Towards the left kidney, contacts spleen, and fungus of stomach

The pancreas forms a ring (annulus) around the

-Hepatic portal vein

Where are the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the pancreas bound to?

-Ventral surface is directly bound to the right dorsal colon & cecal base -Dorsal surface to the right kidney and liver

The bulk of the liver is located

-To the right to the median plane

What rib border does the liver typically sit in?

-6th-16th rib

What can be used to locate the 4th rib (or 4th intercostal space)?

-The point of the elbow

What can be used to determine the location of the 6th rib/ICS?

-The caudal Ege of the triceps brachii m. (ventral half)

Where is a liver biopsy performed in the horse?

-On the **right side** of the horse -Between 12th and 14th ICS -Common site: 14th intercostal space near line from tuber coax to point of the shoulder

What are the structures the needle passes through for a liver biopsy?

-Skin -Intercostal muscles -Costal pleura -Pleural cavity -Diaphragmatic pleura -Diaphragm -Peritoneal cavity -Liver

What organs can be inadvertently biopsied when trying to perform a liver biopsy?

-Lung -Kidney -Intestine

What needs to happen if the liver biopsy contains intestinal contents?

-Biopsy must be repeated

Where is the liver located on the left side of the horse?

-6th-10th ICS/11th rib -Cranial border conforms to diaphragm -Caudodorsal border is in contact with the stomach

What is number 3?

-Liver

What is number 2?

-Stomach

What is number 4?

-Spleen

Where is the spleen located in the horse?

-Under cover of the ribs, but caudal most corner may extend to flank -Parietal surface lies against internal aspect of diaphragm -Base is under last 3-4 ribs

What Is the shape of a horse spleen?

-Sickle-shaped

When the spleen is pointed ventral, the apex generally reaches _______ rib, handbreadth above costal arches

10th round 9th rib

Where is the gastrosplenic ligament?

-Extends from greater curvature of stomach to spleen

What is number 1?

-Renal surface

What is number 2?

-Intestinal surface

What is number 3?

-Gastric surface

What is number 4?

-Greater momentum (gastrosplenic ligament)

What is number 5?

-Splenic artery and vein

What is number 6?

-Renosplenic ligament

What is number 7?

-Phrenicosplenic ligament

What is indicated by the star?

-Nephrosplenic (aka renosplenic) ligament extends from left kidney to spleen

Why is knowing where the nephrosplenic ligament is important?

-You can have nephrosplenic entrapment (left portion of the large colon is entrapped over the renosplenic ligament and the spleen is engorged with blood)

What does the celiac artery supply?

-Cranial abdominal organs

What does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

-Distal portion of the descending duodenum through proximal part of descending colon

What does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

-Distal (aboral) part of descending colon & proximal (oral) part of rectum

What are the branches off the celiac artery?

-Left gastric a. -Hepatic a. -Splenic a.

What does the left gastric a. supply?

-Lesser curvature of the stomach & distal esophagus

What does the hepatic a. supply?

-Liver, stomach, duodenum, pancreas

What arteries come off the hepatic a. and what do they supply?

-Right gastric a. (lesser curvature of the stomach) -Gastroduodenal a. -Cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. (duodenum & pancreas) -Right gastroepiploic a. (greater curvature of stomach)

What does the splenic a. supply?

-Spleen -Stomach

What arteries come off the splenic a. and what do they supply?

-Left gastroepiploic a. (greater curvature of stomach)

What is 1?

-Celiac a.

What is A?

-Stomach

What is B?

-Spleen

What is C?

-Liver

What is D?

-Descending duodenum

What is 2?

-Splenic a.

What is 3?

-Left gastric a.

What is 4?

-Hepatic a.

What Is 5?

-Left gastroepiploic a.

What is 6?

-Right gastroepiploic a.

What is 7?

-Right gastric a.

What is 8?

-Gastroduodenal a.

What is 9?

-Cranial pancreaticoduodenal a.

What are the arteries off the cranial mesenteric a?

-Caudal pancreaticoduodenal a. -Jejunal aa. -Ileal a. -Middle colic a. -Right colic a. -Ileocolic a.

What arteries supply the small intestine?

-Caudal pancreaticoduodenal a. -Jejunal aa. -Ileal a.

What arteries arise from common trunk and supply the colon?

-Middle colic a. -Right colic a.

What arteries come off the caudal mesenteric artery?

-Left colic a. -Cranial rectal a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Middle colic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Right colic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Ileocolic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Colic branch of iliocolic a.

Right colic & middle colic arteries usually come form

-A common trunk & not in common with ileocolic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Right colic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Colic branch of ileocolic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Lateral & medial cecal arteries

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Ileocolic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Middle colic a.

What is indicated by the blue star?

-Common trunk

Where is the cranial mesenteric a.?

-In the root of the mesentery

What anatomic structure is used as a reference point in rectal palpation?

-The root of the mesentery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra

Why is the root of the mesentery used as a reference point for rectal palpation?

-Structures cranial to the root of the mesentery are out of reach -Structures caudal to the root of the mesentery are within reach