Exam 2: Lecture 12: Head and Neck Respiratory Pathway Flashcards by Matthew Irvin

What is different about the nose of equines compared to dogs?

-Possesses a cartilaginous skeleton
-Horses don’t have a plane
-Horses have a nasal diverticulum

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What is the nasal diverticulum?

-Blind sac w/ great capacity for expansion between alar cartilage and nasoincicive notch

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What are the rostra, caudal, dorsal, and ventral boundaries of the nasal cavity in horses?

-Rostral = nostrils
-Caudal = choanae
-Dorsal = nasal bone
-Ventral = hard palate

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How is the nasal cavity divided medially?

-By the nasal septum (bone caudally and cartilage rostrally)

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What is the nasal vestibule?

-Pigmented surface between skin and mucosa
-The nasolacrimal duct flows into the vestibule near the musculocutaneous junction

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What keeps the humidity of the nose?

-Nasal glands & lacrimal glands

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What is circled?

-Nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct

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What can we use the nasolacrimal duct for?

-Can flush it and flush will go out of the eye

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What is the nasal conchae?

-They correspond to papyraceous bones that continue from the ethmoid bone

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What make up the nasal conchae?

-Ethmoidal conchae
-Dorsal nasal concha
-Ventral nasal concha
-Middle nasal concha

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What are the nasal meatuses?

-Spaces between conchae
-There are dorsal, middle, ventral and common

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What is indicated by the orange stars?

-Common nasal meatus (joins the middle & ventral meatus)

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What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Dorsal meatus (between the dorsal concha & nasal bone)

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What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Middle meatus (between the dorsal & ventral concha)

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What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Ventral meatus (between ventral concha & floor of the nasal cavity)

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What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-ventral nasal concha

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What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-dorsal nasal concha

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What is shown by the blue arrow (pointing to what is circled in red)?

-Nares (nostrils)

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What is shown by the red arrow (pointing to what is circled in red)?

-Choanae

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What is number 1?

-Dorsal nasal concha

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What is number 2?

-Middle nasal concha

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What is number 3?

-Ventral nasal concha

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What is number 4?

-Ventral nasal meatus

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What is number 5?

-Middle nasal meatus

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What is number 6?

-Dorsal nasal meatus

What is number 7?

-Ethmoid conchae (close to cribiform plate)

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Septum

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Dorsal nasal meatus

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Middle nasal meatus

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Ventral nasal meatus

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Vomer nasal organ (on both sides of vomer bone)

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Ventral concha

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Dorsal nasal concha

What muscle is working to produce this action?

-Levator of superior lip m.

What response is shown in this picture?

-Flehmen response

What is important to note about the flehmen response in horses?

-Horses take phermones directly from the nose (dogs take phermones through the mouth)

Why is the pathway of airflow vs. digestive system important in horses?

-They are obligate nasal breathers (cannot breathe by mouth)

Rostrally the pharynx is divided into 3 parts by the soft palate, what are they?

-Oral part (**oropharynx**) -Nasal part (**nasopharynx**) -Laryngeal part (**laryngopharynx**)

What is the **oropharynx**?

-Food pathway, ventral to the soft palate

What is the **nasopharynx**?

-Air pathway, dorsal to the soft palate

What is the **laryngopharynx**?

-Cavity dorsal to the larynx, just before the esophagus

What is the pathway of airflow in the horse?

Nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> intrapharyngeal ostium -> larynx -> trachea

What is the pathway of the digestive system in the horse?

Oral cavity -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus

What is the rostral and caudal boundary of the nasopharynx?

-Rostral = choanae -Caudal = palatopharyngeal arch

During respiration cycle, where does the epiglottis sit?

-Rests dorsally to the soft palate

What happens to the nasopharynx when swallowing?

-The soft palate elevates and the epiglottis goes caudal -so the soft palate will basically close the nasopharynx and nasal cavity for food and the epiglottis will close the larynx and trachea for food

What si different about the soft palate in horses than dogs?

-Soft palate is elongated in horses

What can happen in horses that cause them to make noises where running?

-A dorsal displacement of the soft palate

What is the opening in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?

-Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube (joins the nasopharynx w/ the inner ear)

What covers the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?

-Covered by a fibrous catilagenous flap

What is shown by the blue arrow?

-Auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)

What is the auditory tube diverticulum (also known as guttural pouch)?

-It is a caudoventral dilatation of the auditory tube -It is a mechanism for cooling the cerebral blood supply during strenuous exercise

What are the boundaries of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)?

-Dorsally = base of skull -Ventrally = pharynx & esophagus -Laterally = stylohyoid bone -Medially = contralateral guttural pouch

What is shown in red here?

-Guttural pouch

What is shown by the dashed triangle?

-Viborg triangle

What is the "viborg triangle"?

-Triangle made up w/ mandible & maxillary v. & linguofacial v. -Can access the floor of the guttural pouch through the outside through this

What is this picture showing?

-Internal structures of the guttural pouch

What is indicated by "S"?

-Stylohyoid bone

What is indicated by "ECA"?

-External carotid artery

What is indicated by "ICA"?

-Internal carotid artery

What forms the larynx?

-Formed by cartilages, ligaments & muscles surrounded by mucosa (cartilages = epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, & arytenoid cartilage)

Where is the larynx located?

-Between nasopharynx and trachea, ventral to the atlas and axis vertebrae

What is the function of the larynx?

-Air pathway mainly -Phonation and blockage of foreign bodies to the lower airways

What is: -Joined w/ the base of the skull via hyoid apparatus -Cranial horn of thyroid cartilage -Insertion of tongue muscles

-Larynx

What is shown here?

-Dog vs. horse epiglottis

What is shown here?

-Dog vs. horse arytenoid cartilage

What is shown here?

-Dog vs. horse Thyroid cartilage

What is shown here?

-Dog vs. horse Cricoid cartilage

What is different in the horse epiglottis from the dog?

-Horse has a pointed apex & the cuniform process attached to the epiglottis

What is different in the horse thyroid cartilage from the dog?

-Oval shape in equine (longer and more oblique than in dogs)

What is different in the horse arytenoid cartilage from the dog?

-The corniculate process is well developed (bigger) -No cuneiform process (it is attached to the epiglottis)

What is different in the horse cricoid cartilage from the dog?

-Lamina and arch

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Cuneiform process (very large)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Epiglottis (long & pointy)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Arytenoid

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Vocal process of the arytenoid

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Ventricle (important because we can do some sx here if larynx issues)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Laryngopharynx

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Corniculate process (adducted to allow the passage of air)

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Entrance of the larynx

What is indicated by the blue arrow? Hint: Space

-Ventricle

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

-Vocal fold

What is the glottis?

-Phonatory apparatus -Vocal folds & vocal processes of the arytenoid

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid -Lateral cricoarytenoid -Thyroarytenoid -Cricothyroid -Transverse arytenoid

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

-Sternothyroid -Thyrohyoid -Hyoepiglottic -Thyropharyngeal

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

What intrinsic muscle of the larynx is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n.?

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

What is number 1?

-Cricothyroid m.

What is number 2?

-Dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

What is number 3?

-Lateral cricoarytenoid m.

What is number 4 & 5?

-Thyroarytenoid m. (4 = m. vocalis, 5 = ventricular)

What is number 6?

-Transverse arytenoid m.

What problem is occurring in this image?

-Collapsed arytenoid cartilage (worst larynx problem to have)

Why is it common in horses for the left side of the arytenoid cartilage to be paralyzed?

-The left recurrent laryngeal n. (from vagus n.) is longer and goes around the aorta -> this will cause a pull on the n. all the time

What is located caudal to the cricoid cartilage?

-Cervical trachea

What is the trachea formed by?

-Formed by incomplete tracheal cartilages dorsally

What joins the tracheal cartilages together?

-Annular ligaments

What is different about the trachea in horses than in dogs?

-Tracheal smooth muscle is inserted inside

Exam 2: Lecture 12: Head and Neck Respiratory Pathway Flashcards

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