Exam 2 Flashcards by Ashley Guerrero

What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis

Pfk 1

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What does citrate do to pfk

Inhibits

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Pfk is/ is not regulated by phosphorylation

Does not

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what is dpp-4

it degrades GLP 1, inibitor or dpp4 is helpful to tx dm

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what is GLP 1

an incretin that stimulate insulin production, analog is used for tx of dm

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Name a few ways to tx dm with incretin

GLP 1 analog or Dpp-4 inhibitor

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explain how insulin is processed

mRNA with N terminus leaves nucleus and goes to ER where preproinsulin turns into proinsulin and then sent to golgi where cpeptide is cleaved

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glucose enters the pancreatic b cell via what

glut 2

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what inhibits KATP

ATP after going through glycolysis and tca

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what does sulfonylurea doe

block K + channels directly causing increase in insulin and decreased BS

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what two directions can proglucagon go

glucagon in the pancreas or incretins in the brain or gut

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Glut 4 is in what type of tissues. when does it get stimulated

fat and muscle, when fed state

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insulin is what kind of receptor and where is it found

rtk live mslce and adipose

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glucagon receptor is what kind of receptor, where are they found

g alpha s, liver

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what affects does dietary amino acids do to insulin and glucago

promotes insulin and glucagon

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how is the HMP shunt activated

increase activity when increase G6p and NADP+ (low products)
decrease activity when high products like NADP

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what is glutithione

anitoxident destroys hydrogen peroxide and ROS

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whats more useful for killing ROS reduced or oxidized glutathione….

reduced GSH

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what is G6pd

creates NADPH in the HMP shunt

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reverse non oxidative branch is used when NADPH is low or high

low

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RBC and cornea rely on what for nadph activity

g6pd

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what is the rate limting enzyme traps sugar in cell in galactose metab

galacto kinase

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what does aldose reductase do

it converts galactose to galactitol at high levels of galactose

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What causes galactosemia

deficiency in GALT and glalactokinase

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increase in ______ causes cataracts

galactitol

what is the rate limiting enzyme traps sugar in cell in fructose metab

fructokinase

high fructose levels cause what

increase lipogensis

is Fructose or glucose metab more fast and why

fructose because by pass pfk and dhap can convert to glycerol 3 p

fructokinase deficiency causes what

nothing but more fructose in urine

aldolase deficiency causes what

increase in fructose 1-p and damage to liver. tx with dieting fructose and sucrose

what is glutathione reductase

it transfers elections from nadph to GSH (glutathione) so that it can kill ROS and hydrogen peroxides

can galactose produce intermediates for energy

glut 1 is in what tissue

brain blood fetal stuff

glut 2 is in what tissue

liver kidney intestines

brain has which GLUT

1,3

GLUT4 is in what tissues

muscle adipose

GLUT ____ relocates to plasma membrane when IG ratios are ____

4, high

which tissues oxidize glucose in fed state

all tissues

which tissues use glucose in fasting states

rbc and blood since they cant oxidize fatty acids

what is lactate dehydrogenase

enzyme that transforms pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis

in regaurds to nadp and nadph what does cells in anaerobic glycolysis do

it oxidizes NADPH to NAD+ without the etc

glucokinase and hexokinase what is their km and vmax

glucokinase is high for each and hexo kinase is low for each

what is F26bp

activator of pfk

what is an inhibitor of PFK

citrate

is PFK regulated by phosphorylation

what inhibits PDHC

acetyl coa

what stimulate PC

acetyl coa

is the tca slow or fast in fasting state

slow

what does the TCA do

make bond energy, make e carriers, citrate intermediate

explain cyanide and Carbon monoxide poisining. how do you tx

cyanide binds to FE in complex 4 in the etc. can lead to death. tx with nitrates so they attach to cyanide before it can attach to complex 4

what are uncoupling proteins

create proton leaks in that allow H + to flow down its concentration gradient , ATP synthesis decreases and ETC speeds up releases energy

what is brown adipose

spot where there is many mitchondria where uncoupling proteins occur

what is the rate limiting step of tca

ICDH isocitrate dehydrogenase

what are the products of TCA

NADH FADH2 GTP

which GULT is regulated by insuline

gult 4

what inhibits tca

nadph

what does acetyl coa negatively regulate and positively regulate

(-) PDHC (+)PC

what does LDH doe

it regenerates NAD + in anaerobic glycolysisw

what is an amlopectin

glycogen

what is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis , is it phosphorylated or phosphorylated in fasting state

glycogensynthase phosphorylted

what are the sources of NADPH

malic enzym and HMP shunt via g6pd

what is the malate enzym

transforms malate to pyruivate`

citrate inhibits what and activates what

inhibits PFK and citrate synthase, activates acc

faty acid synthase makes what

malate

what does fatty acyl coa synthetase do

add acetyl coa to fatty acid

what enzy produces glycerol phosphate

glycerol p dehydrogenase

lypogenesis starts with what, ends with what

acetyl coa and malonyl coa, ends with triacylgycerol

stage one of lypo genesis ends with

fatty acid

branching enzyme is _____(number)

1,6

what enzyme is inactive as dimer but active as polumer

acetyl coa carboxylass

what is regulated by citrate

-PFK, -citrate, +acc

what enzymes use acetyl coa as substrate

citrate synthase, acc, fatty acid synthase

what is the rate limiting ezyme of ketogenisi where is it?

HMG Coa Synthase mito.... in liver

does liver oxidizes or synthesize ketons or both

liver synthesizes but not oxidize

HMG Coa synthase mito is for

for beta oxidation

HMG Coa synthase cyto is for

cholesterol metabolism

where does ketogenesis happen

lier mitochondria

what is CPT1 where is it

in fed states... removes coa cyto and ads carnitine to fatty acid outer mitochondria... important for fatty acyl coa transport to mitchondria

what is the rate limiting enzym in B oxidation

CPT1, used for transporting acyl coa to the mito. removes coa and ads canitine

what is the rate limiting enzyme for lipolysis

Hormone sensitive lipase

what is ketone oxidation

make ketones into acetyl coa for oxidation in TCA

protein sparing effect fed shorterm fasting long term fasting

protein sparing effect fed - carbs diet shorterm fasting- liver glycogen long term fasting - ketones

what is cori cycle

anaerobic glycolysis

where does lactate go and where does nadh get made

from rbc to blood to liver and exercising muscles. nadh is made in the liver

what two things cant be used for glucose

acetyl coa and fatty acids

what can be used for glucos

amino acids glycerol and lactate

list the enzymes for the carnitine shuttle

cpt 1 cpt 2 translocase

what tissues can use ketones

muscles and brain

can liver use ketones and why or why not

no cause they cant oxidize

what is the rate limiting enzyme for lypolysis

hormone sensitive lipase HSL

cholestrol synthesis requires atp or nadph

both

explain what a statin

it inhibits HMG COA reductase , increases import and decrease synthesis

what is the rate limiting for cholesterol synthesis

HMG COA reductase

what is the rate limiting enzym in the liver cells for ketone bodies

HMG COA synthase in mito

what is acat

activates storage of cholesterol ester lipid droplets

can cholesterol be made into atp

explain bile acid sequestrants

incera import increase synthesis pee it out

what is xanthomata

LDL receptor deficiency

what does niacin do

inhibit horomone sensitive lipase decreasing TAG and VLDL

what do fibrates do

they increase FA oxidation decrease vldl and therefore LDL

what does exetimibe do

inhibit absorption of cholesterol

APOB-100 overproduction results in what dx

IIB hyperliidemia, LDL receptor

APoE polymorphism causes what

decreaed clearing IDL CM remnands so they increase increasing TAGS

what does ribonucleotide reductase RNR

makes rna to dna .. only works with DIphosphate

What activates RNR what inhibits rnr

activates ATP, dATP inhibit

what does nethotrexate doe

competitive inhibitor with dihydrofolate reductase decreaeing Thymidylate synthase decreasing DNA synthesis.

bile acids are conjugated to amino acids to (increase/decrease) PKA

lower pka

5fluorouracil

inhibits thymidyate synthase

Exam 2 Flashcards

(108 cards)