exam 7

Question 1

• bacteria cell membrane are the same as eukaryotic except
• difference between our chromasome and bacteria chromasome
• diff between our ribosomes and theirs

Answer 1

• it doesn have sterol - such as cholesterol
• they have one single circular chromasome and have plasmids
• they have 70s instead of 80 s

Question 2

Wall teichoic acid attatch to ____ (gram- or +)
Lipoteichoic teichoic acid attatch to____ (gram - or positive)

Answer 2

WTA- petpidoglycan g+
LTA- cell wall on g+

Question 3

LPS
gram - or +
acid fast

Answer 3

gram negative

Question 4

Peptiglycan
gram - or +
acid fast

Answer 4

both - and +

Question 5

talk about clinical relavence for septic shock

Answer 5

lipopolysacharide of cell membrane causes this

Question 6

Nocardia genus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores?

Answer 6

acid fast
no spores

Question 7

Mycobacterium genus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores

Answer 7

genus of TB. Acid fast
no spores

Question 8

what stucture gives you K antigen or capsule

Answer 8

glycocaylyx

Question 9

what is selective activity

Answer 9

drugs are more toxic to bacteria than host

Question 10

bacillus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores?

Answer 10

G+
spores+

Question 11

• sex pili = conjugated pili
• common pili= fimbriae
  G- or +
  acid fast

Answer 11

• sex pili = conjugated pili : G-
• common pili= fimbriae: G + and -

Question 12

• glycocaylx= capsule and slime layer
• flagellum
  G- or +
  acid fast

Answer 12

• G + and - for both flagellum and glycocaylx

Question 13

which media is used for fastidious micor organsism

Answer 13

enriched (has complex + growth factor)

Question 14

Obligate vs facultative

Answer 14

obligate: picky about where they live
facultative: not picky where they live

Question 15

Obligate aerobe vs facultative aerob vs obligate anaerobe
(enzyme for ROS?)

Answer 15

Obligate aerobe : need oxgen, Yes enzyme

facultative aerobe: does need but can use it, yes ezyme

obligate anaerobe: oxigen is toxic; no ezyme

Question 16

what is…
capnophiles:
halophiles:
osmophiles:

Answer 16

capnophiles:need high co2
halophiles: need salt
osmophiles: need sugar

Question 17

what does it take for a fungas to be pathogen

Answer 17

grow at 37 degrees celciuc

Question 18

where is ergosterols found in fungi

Answer 18

cell membrane

Question 19

name componenets of cell well of fungi and purpose
* chitin -
* Beta glucan-

Answer 19

• chitin - polysach rigidity
• Beta glucan- polysach serves as pamp

Question 20

what is the target for most antifungal

Answer 20

ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 21

what temp does dimorphic fungi turn from mold to yeast
from yeast to mold

Answer 21

• mold to yeast = 37
• yeast to mold = 25

Question 22

in terms of antifungals how do these work…
* terbinafine
* azoles
* amphotericin Nystatin
* echinocandins

Answer 22

• terbinafine- stop synthesis of ergosterol
• azoles-stop synthesis of ergosterol
• amphotericin Nystatin- punch hole in cell membrane
• echinocandins- stop synthesis of glucan

Question 23

Re: Antifungal
what is ….

propholactic tx
preemptive
empiric
definitive

Answer 23

propholactic tx - give just in case like with pt with HIV

preemptive - + diseas but no sx or symptoms

empiric - based on signs and sx

definitive - based on defined dz

Question 24

what is primary mycoses

Answer 24

when a fungus can only be given in a certain area. Not given person to person

Question 25

any fungas able to grow at ____ degrees celcius is a pathogen

Answer 25

37

Question 26

Explain what each viral detection test measure * viral culture- * PCR- * antigen-

Answer 26

* viral culture- infectious virions present * PCR- viral dna/rna present * antigen- viral protein is present

Question 27

DNA dependent RNA polymerase DpRp significance in viruses

Answer 27

makes DNA genome viruses more stable due to its proof reading abilities

Question 27

+ssRNA is what type of virus? explain how it replicates -what is an example

Answer 27

retroviruse * genome uses reverse transcriptase. (RNA to DNA) * DNA into host genome via dna dependent rna polymerase * HIV

Question 27

* explain how dsDNA replicates. * which other one uses this replication method * name example of virus

Answer 27

genome replicated by DNA dependent DNA poly mRNA transcribed by DNA dependent RNA poly ssDNA replicated the same way example is herpes

Question 28

explain replication dsRNA synthesis

Answer 28

genome replicated with RdRp which synthesized ssmRNA

Question 29

explain replication +ssRNA synthesis

Answer 29

uses rdrp or -rna intermediate

Question 30

explain replication -ssRNA synthesis

Answer 30

genome rna can not be DIRECTLY TRASCRIBED so makes +mRNA before protein syntheses genome replicated with RdRp

Question 31

how do viruses develope antiviral restance

Answer 31

**RNA dependent RNA pol** and **reverse transcriptase** can not proof read so they end up allowing more mutation to escape

Question 32

what test shows if the sample of virus is infectious viral particles

Answer 32

culture

Question 34

in regards to safety bacteriostatic vs bacterialcidal

Answer 34

bacteriostatic: low dose and safe bacterialcidal: effective but not as safe

Question 35

which drug has the broadest spectrum of antibiotic coverage

Answer 35

cefapime

Question 36

what is post anitbiotic effect

Answer 36

when concentration of drug falls below the effective concentration of drug which increases the time in between the doses = decreasing side effects

Question 37

What is kirby buaer test

Answer 37

resistant or not - qualitative

Question 38

broth dilution test

Answer 38

quantitative test how much resistant MIC -min inhibitory concentration MBC - min bactericidal concentration

Question 39

skipping sulfonamides =

Answer 39

resititance

Question 40

what is O antigen and where is it found? is it on G + or -

Answer 40

attatches to stop phago cytosis

Question 41

how does s. pnemonia avoid the immune system

Answer 41

exapsulation - block phago inactivates Ab

Question 42

how does s. s. aureus avoid the immune system

Answer 42

inactivate antibodies

Question 43

how does Mtuberculosis avoid the immune system

Answer 43

intracellular gowth and escape detetection

Question 44

what is the difference between * antigenic drift * antigent shift * antigenic switch

Answer 44

* antigenic drift = small mutation * antigent shift = reassortment of viral genome * antigenic switch= rearangement of genes

Question 45

what is the difference between * optical density * colony forming unit CFU * biomass

Answer 45

* optical density = measures viable and non viable * colony forming unit CFU = meansues only viable cause dilute culture * biomass= measures viable and non viable

Question 46

what is so important with bacillus and clostridium

Answer 46

they are G + and have spores

Question 47

what are these components of fungus cell wall * maman- * PLM-

Answer 47

* maman- glycoprotein large part of cell * PLM- Glycolipid for survival in macrophage

Question 48

what is mycoses endemic vs opportunistic

Answer 48

dz caused by fungi - endemic in immuno competent - oppoturnistic in immunosuppressed

Question 49

remember

Question 50

what group of baltimor class uses reverse transcriptase

Answer 50

group 6 rna>dna>host genome

Question 51

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) or N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) binds to disacharides to make cell wall

Answer 51

NAM N-acetyluramic acid ---- tetrapeptide linkage between nams

Question 52

what do germ tubes do

Answer 52

they help provide survival or candida albican .. exits yeast at 25 degrees celcius and at 37 degreees celcius it makes germ tubes (hyphae

Question 53

memorize

Question 54

Answer 54

D

Question 55

what component of cel wall are capable of producing toxic shock

Answer 55

peptidoglycan - endotoxin lipoteichoic- can induce endotoxin like shock lipopolysaccharide LPS=Endotoxin lipid a is septic shock

Question 56

Some viruses will disrupt _______ and _______ to push host into an abnormal s phase

Answer 56

Some viruses will disrupt ___p53____ and ____rb___ to push host into an abnormal s phase

Question 57

a mass of hyphae is known as ________

Answer 57

blastoconidia

Question 58

what agent denatures proteins and dissolves membranes

Answer 58

alcohols