Exam 2 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
awarebessof both external and int stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain
A
consciousness
2
Q
high levels of sensory awareness, thought, behavior
A
wakefulness
3
Q
low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
A
sleep
4
Q
int cycle of biological activity increases
A
biological rythems
5
Q
fluctuation of body temp, individual menstrual cycle, level of alertness are all what
A
biological rythems
6
Q
biological rhythm
A
biological rhythm occurs over approx 24 hours
7
Q
what is circadian rhythm generated by
A
suprachaismatic nucleaus
8
Q
what controls homeostasis
A
hypothalamus
9
Q
what releases melatonin
A
pineal gland
10
Q
sleep wake cycle regulated by what
A
melatonin
11
Q
symptoms resulting from mismatch btw our int circadian rhythm and enviroment
A
jet lag
12
Q
work schedule that changes from early to late on a weekly basis
A
rotating shift work
13
Q
sleep deprived individual tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep
A
sleep rebound
14
Q
result of insufficient sleep on chronic basis
A
sleep debt
15
Q
sleep associated hormones
A
melatonin, follicle stim, lutenizing, growth hormone
16
Q
two hypothesis of sleep
A
sleep is essential to restore resources expended during the day, sleep is adaptive response to predators roaming at night
17
Q
focuses on sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation
A
cognitive function theories
18
Q
relatively low freq, high amplitude, synchronized
A
alpha
19
Q
barely dozed off, what brain wave
A
alpha
20
Q
low freq, moderately low amplitude
A
theta
21
Q
light sleep, what brainwave
A
theta
22
Q
low freq, high amplitude, desynchronized
A
delta
23
Q
deep sleep, what brainwave
A
delta
24
Q
transit phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep, rate of respiration and HB slow down, what stage
A
stage 1
25
body goes into deep relaxation, characterized by appearance of sleep spindles and k complex
stage 2
26
tight waves have what
high freq
27
k complexes have what
high amplitude
28
slow wave; respiration and HR slow down further
stage 3
29
slow wave indicates what
deep sleep
30
paralysis of voluntary muscles
REM sleep
31
brainwaves in REM sleep look similar to what
those seen during wakefulness
32
more REM sleep on average
REM rebound
33
saw dreams as a way of gaining access to uncoscious
SIGmond Frued
34
actual content of dream is called..
mainfest content
35
hidden meaning of the dream is called what
latent content
36
believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes regardless of culture or location
carl jung
37
believed dream allowed us to tap into collective unconsciousness
Carl Jung
38
dreams represent life events that are important to the dreamer who said this
Cartwright and hobson
39
dreaming may represent a state of a virtual reality , who thought this
Cartwright and hobson,
40
certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state
lucid dreams
41
diffuculty falling or staying asleep, for at least 3 nights a week for 1 month
insomnia
42
treatments for insomnia
stress management tech changes in problematic behavior, cognitive behavioral therapy
43
sleep walking and REM sleep behavior disorder
parasomnias
44
during what wave does sleepwalking usually occur
slow
45
occurs when muscle paralysis associated with REM doesn't occur
REM sleep behavior disorder
46
uncomfortable sensation in legs when falling asleep
restless leg syndrome
47
sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape
night terrors
48
occurs when individuals stop breathing in their sleep usually for 10-20 seconds or longer
sleep apnea
49
2 types of sleep apnea
obstructive and central
50
airway becomes blocked air can't enter
obstructive sleep apnea
51
CNS fails to initiate breaths
central sleep apnea
52
occurs when infant stops breathing in sleep and dies
sudden infant death syndrome
53
which infants are at highest risk for SIDs
infants younger than 12 months
54
involves and irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours
narcolepsy
55
loss of muscle tone
cataplexy
56
vivid dream like hallucinations
hypogenic hallucinations
57
compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences
substance use disorder
58
involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon stopping use
physiological dependance
59
emotional need for the drug
psychological dependance
60
person requires more and more of subs to get same effect
tolerance
61
neg symptoms exp when drug use is discontinued
withdrawl
62
drugs that suppress CNS,
depressantsin
63
include alcohol, barbituants, benzodiazepines
depressants
64
increase neural activity
stimulants
65
include coke, amphetamine, MDMA
stimulants
66
increases levels of alertness and arousal
caffiene
67
common in tobacco prod like cig, chewing tobacco, ecigs
nicotine
68
interacts with acetylcholine receptors
nicotine
69
serve as analgesics thru their effects on the endogenous opiod neurotransmitter system
opiods
70
opiates occur...
naturally
71
opioids are...
synthetic
72
causes changes in sensory or perceptual experinces
hallucinogens
73
ext focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experince
hypnosis
74
act of being fully aware of the present moment which can be achieved thru focusing on a single target
mediation
75
sensory info detecte dby sensory receptor
sensation
76
conversion of sensory stem energy into action potentials
transduction
77
min amount of a stim needed for us to notice it 50% of the time
absolute threshold
78
min amount of charge in stim needed to detect a diff (noticeable difference)
difference threshold
79
steps of stimulus to brain
stimulus -> sensory -> neural impulses -> brain
80
basic sensory features analyzed and recombined
bottom up procesing
81
perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectation and motivations
top down processing
82
a form or pattern
gestalt
83
whole can be more than the sum of its parts
gestalt
84
ability to discrimination among difference figures or shapes
pattern perception
85
what we see is a reflection of what we expect to see
perceptual hypothesis
86
way we consciously experience something
perception
87
not perceiving stimuli that have been relatively constant over a period of time
sensory adaptation
88
influences what stim we adapt to
attention
89
influence what we attend to
motivation
90
failure to notice something visible due to attend something else
inattention blindness
91
identifying specific stim even in distracting background
signal detection theory
92
distance from center line to crest or trough
amplitude
93
distance from 1 peak to the next
wavelength
94
of waves that go by in a given period of time
frequency
95
associated with color
wavelength
96
associated with intensity
amplitide
97
higher amplitude means
higher intensity
98
associated with loudness
decibals
99
associated with sound wave freqinecy
pitch
100
a sounds purity
timbre
101
curved transparent protective layer where light first enters eye
cornea
102
colored ring of muscle
iris
103
opening in middle of the iris
pupil
104
size of pupil depends on what
amount of light in environment and or arousla state
105
bends the light rays so they can be properly focuses on retina
lens
106
light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission tp brain
retina
107
photochemical rxn, occurs when light hits photoreceptors in retina
photoactivation
108
a small indentation in back of retina packed with photoreceptors
fovea
109
dim light, not great color sensors
rods
110
used in bright light, color reception fine detail, found near fovea
cones
111
where does optic nerve meet at
optic chaism
112
left visual field corresponds to what part of brain
right side of brain
113
optic nerve goes to ...
primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
114
object recognition, identification, what pathway
what pathway
115
location of object in space, how it can be interacted with, what pathway
where/how
116
s cones correspond to what color in trichromy theory
blue
117
m cones correspond to what color
green
118
l cones correspond to what color
red
119
opponent process theory of color
after images are opposite
120
cues to establish our sense of depth w/ two eyes
binocular cues
121
different retinal images received by each eye
bin disparity
122
cues to establish sense of depth with one eye
monocular cues
123
percieving depth due to convergence of the parallel lines
linear perspective
124
pima
outer ear
125
tympanic membrane
eardrum
126
ossicles
middle ear
127
middle ear includes whatq
malleus, incus, stirrup
128
inner ear includes what
cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane
129
snail part
coclea
130
small hairs attach here
basilar membrane
131
we detect pitch via the frequency that the neuron fires
temporal theory
132
different portions of the basilar membrane fire depending on sound waves frequency
place theory
133
base of basilar membrane is for what
high frequency
134
tip of basilar membrane is for
low frequency
135
each pinna interacts wit sound waves different to pinpoint source of sound
monaural cues
136
sounds closer to one ear are perceived more loudly than opposite ear
intramural level difference
137
sound closer to one ear perceived more quickly that opposite ear
intramural timing differnce
138
partial or complete inability to hear
deafness
139
inability to deliver sound to cochlea
conductive hearing loss
140
born without hearing
congenital hearing
141
failure to transmit neural signal form cochlea to the brain
sensorineural hearing loss
142
6 basic groups of taste
sweet salty sour bitter umami fatty
143
life cycle of taste cells
10-14 days
144
taste chemical info transacted to what
gustatory complex
145
odor molecules interact with chemical receptor
olfactory receptor cells
146
tip of frontal love where olfactory nerves begin
olfactory bulb
147
chemical messages sent by some species
pheromones
148
pressure and low freq vibrations
meissners corpuscle
149
transient pressure and high freq vibration
pacinian corpuscle
150
light pressure
merkles disk
151
detect stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
152
signals potential harm and or pain
nociiception
153
signals tissue damage
inflammatory pain
154
neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurons in PNS or CNS
155
more genetic disorder where one cannot feel pain
congenital alagesia
156
ability to maintain balance and body posture
vestibular sense
157
perception of body position
proprioception
158
perception of body moving thru space
kinesthesia
159
motor or neural rxns to specify stimulus in environment
reflexes
160
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broad range of events
instincts
161
more complex than reflexes
instincts
162
relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
learning
163
type of learning in which a neutral stim comes to elicit a respond after being paired with stimulius that naturally brings about that response
classical conditioning
164
stim that naturally brings about a response without being learned
unconditioned stimular
165
response to UCS that is natural
unconditioned response
166
once neutral stim that has been paired w an UCS to bring about response caused only by UCS
conditioned stim
167
response to CS that after condition follows prev neutral stim
conditioned response
168
establish conditioned stim paired w new neutral stim so that eventually new stim elicits conditioned response w/o initial conditioned stim being presented
higher order conditioning
169
flavors associated with certain foods/drinks can be associated with unpleasant symptoms
taste oversion conditoning
170
cues assoc with emotional trauma
fear condition and phoias
171
initial pd of learning when an organism learns to connect neutral stim and UCS
acquisiiton
172
decrease in conditioned response when ECS is no longer presented w CS
extinction
173
return of prev existing conditioned response following rest pd
spontaneous recovery
174
when organism learns to respond differently to various stim that are similar
stim discrimination
175
organism demonstrates conditioned response to stim that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
176
classical conditioning can lead to..
habituation
177
used principles of classical condition in study of human emotion
John b watson
178
who did little albert study
John b watson
179
learning to associate btw behavior and resulting events
operant conditioning
180
what provides cues for whether or not behavior will result in particular outcomes in operant conditioning
aspects of enviroment
181
behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated
thorndikes law of effect
182
successive rewarding of approximation of desired behavior
shaping
183
innate reinforcing quality
primary reinforcer
184
water food shelter touch are all what
primary reinforcers
185
no inherent value, only desired when linked with a primary reinfocer
secondary reinforcers
186
examples of secondary reinforcers
praise, money, token
187
delivered at a predictive time interval
fixed interval
188
delivered at unpredictable time intervals
variable interval
189
delivered after a predictable number of responses
fixed ratio
190
farm worker paid for each potato
fixed ratio
191
delivered after an unpredicted number of responese
variable ratio
192
example of variable ratio
gambling
193
rats who freely explored were able to find their way thru the maze as quick as other group , what experiment and who
Tolman's experiment
194
mental picture of an area
cognitive map
195
learning that occurs but isn't observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
196
learning by watching the behavior of another person
obervational learning
197
who discovered observational learning
Albert bandera
198
four elements of learning needed
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
199
when a model is reinforced for their behavior
vicarious reinforcemnet
200
when a model is punished for their behavior
vicarious punishment
201
process of observational learning
see a new response form a model, choose whether or not to imitate model, generalize the rule
