Exam 2 Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Baldness or hair loss
A
Alopecia
2
Q
Circular shape to skin lesion
A
Annular
3
Q
Elevated cavity containing free fluid larger than 1 cm diameter
larger than a vesicle
A
Bulla
4
Q
Skin lesions that run together
A
Confluent
5
Q
Thick, dried out exudate left on skin when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up
A
Crust
6
Q
Dusky, blue color to the skin or mucous membranes due to increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin
A
Cyanosis
7
Q
Scooped out, shallow depression in the skin
A
Erosion
8
Q
Intense redness of the skin due to excess blood in dilated superficial capillaries, as in fever or inflammation
A
Erythema
9
Q
Self inflicted abrasion on skin due to scratching
scabies
A
Excoriation
10
Q
Linear crack in skin extending into dermis
A
Fissure
11
Q
Boil, suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle
A
Furuncle
12
Q
Skin lesions due to benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis
A
Hemangioma
13
Q
Target shape of skin lesions, looks like an
A
Iris- also with target shape skin lesions get tested for lime disease because this is what tick bites will look like
14
Q
A yellow color to the skin, palate, and sclera due to excess bilirubin in the blood
A
Jaundice
15
Q
Hypertrophic scar, elevated beyond site of original injury
A
Keloid
16
Q
Tightly packed set of papules that thickens skin, from prolonged intense scratching
A
Lichenification
17
Q
Benign fatty tumor
A
Lipoma
18
Q
Softening of tissue by soaking
A
Maceration
19
Q
Flat skin lesion with only a color change
A
Macule
20
Q
Circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes
Mole
A
Nevus
21
Q
Elevated skin lesion, greater than 1 cm diameter
A
Nodule
22
Q
Excessively pale, whitish pink color to lightly pigmented skin
A
Pallor
23
Q
Papable skin lesion, less than 1 cm diameter
A
Papule
24
Q
Skin lesion in which papules coalesce or come together
A
Plaque
25
Itching
Pruritis
26
Red-purple skin lesion due to blood in tissues from breaks in blood vessels
Purpura (another type of petechaie or bruising)
27
Elevated cavity containing thick turbid fluid, a cyst with a lot of drainage (cysts are just encapsulated)
Pustule
28
Compact desiccated flakes of skin from shedding of dead skin cells
Scale
29
Skin lesion due to permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible
Telangiectasia
30
Sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue that causes a deep depression in skin, extending to the dermis
Ulcer
31
Elevated cavity containing free fluid build up to 1 cm diameter
Wheal
32
Linear shape of skin lesion along a nerve route
Herpes
Shingles
Zosteriform
33
The largest organ and its layers...
The skin
Outer layer: epidermis, contains inner basal layer and horny cell layer
Middle layer: dermis, contains collagen and connective tissue
Inner layer: subcutaneous layer, contains adipose tissue made up of lobules of fat cells
34
Structures in the epidermal layer..
Hair: vellus(fine) and terminal(dark, thick, on head)
Sebaceous glands: produce sebum (secreted in hair follicles) decrease in their function can cause dry skin
Sweat glands
--Eccrine glands: clear sweat
--Apocrine glands: milky in the axillary area
Nails: hard plates of keratin
35
What are the functions of the skin
Protect against infection
Perception: nerves, feeling, sensing
Regulate temperature: by sweating and also from adipose tissues in subQ layer
Identification from others
Communication: turn certain colors with certain feelings
Repair lesions
Absorbs vitamin D
36
Skin conditions specific to black patients
Keloids
Pigmentary disorders
Pseudofolliculitis
Melasma
37
Variables that could influence skin color
```
Emotional states
Temperature
Smoking cigarettes
Prolonged elevation of extremities
Extremities in a dependent position
Prolonged inactivity
```
38
Where should you assess the skin during an examination
Inspect the body as a whole
Look at skin tone & color
Look between places: breasts abdominal folds
Always inspect feet, toenails, in between toes, heels, and butt
39
What causes a change in skin temperature?
Hypothermia
| Hyperthermia
40
What causes a change in skin moisture?
Diaphoresis (sweating)
| Dehydration
41
What causes a change in skin texture?
Hyperthyroidism
| Hypothyroidism
42
What causes a change in skin mobility/turgor?
Edema (swelling) and dehydration
43
What are primary lesions?
They develop suddenly on unaltered skin
44
What are secondary lesions?
They occur after the primary lesion, from itching/scratching, infection, etc.
45
What are danger signs for melanoma?
```
ABCDE
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter greater than 6mm
elevated/enlarged
```
46
Gyrate lesions look like..
twists or coils
47
Discrete lesions look like..
pimples
48
Groups of wheals..
Uticaria
49
Blisters can be early signs of..
Chicken pox
50
Elevated cavity containing free fluid up to 1 cm diameter, bulla's are larger
Vesicle
51
Where scars have grown over so now it looks like an exaggerated scar
Keloid
52
What are the 3 types of hemangiomas
```
Port wine stain (nevus flammeus)
Strawberry mark (immature hemangioma)
Cavernous hemangioma (mature)
```
53
What are the 2 types of telangiectases
Spider vein or star angioma
| Venous lake
54
What are the 2 types of bruises
Hematoma (bruise you can feel)
| Contusion (bruise)
55
What is tinea?
Ringworm
56
What is psoriasis?
It has a silver color to it
57
Most common skin cancer
| Occurs to mostly sun exposed areas (forehead, arms, hands)
Basal cell carcinoma
58
Usually causes red scaly patches
A central ulcer with surrounding redness
More fast growing
Hands and head
Squamous cell carcinoma
59
Usually has jagged edges or poorly defined borders
Color variations
Elevated and beginning to enlarge
Usually arises from other prexisting moles
Trunk, back, legs, palms, soles, nail bed
Malignant melanoma
60
The name for cancer cells when it starts to spread to other areas of the skin
Metastic malignant melanoma
61
Bacterial infection of the nail where it gets red, swollen, and tender
Paronychia
62
A fungal infection mostly on the toes
Onycholysis
63
Blowing, swooshing sound heard through the stethoscope over an area of abnormal blood flow
Bruit
64
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
65
Increase in size of the thyroid gland that occurs with hyperthyroidism
Goiter
66
Enlargement of the lymph nodes due to infection, allergy, or neoplasm
Lymphadenopathy
67
Abnormally large head
Macrocephalic
68
Abnormally small head
Microcephalic
69
Round symmetric skull that is appropriate to body size
Normocephalic
70
Head tilt due to shortening or spasm of one sternomastoid muscle
Torticollis
71
Illusionary sensation of either the room or one's own body spinning, it is not the same as dizziness
Vertigo
72
The major neck muscles are the..
Sternomastoid & Trapezius
73
Medications that can cause intense headaches
Nitroglycerin causes intense headaches
| Narcotics such as vicadin and morphine cause pretty good headaches
74
What do hyperthyroid patients have specifically relating to the eys
Bulging of the eyes
75
This can also be referred to as your immune system and consists of clear watery fluid and nodes of lymph tissue that use the clear liquid to engulf pathogens and keep them from making you sick
Lymphatic system
76
What is happening when your lymph nodes are enlarged, tender, warm to touch, moveable, maybe a little firm
Body is fighting acute infection
77
What is happening when your lymph nodes are beginning to clump together, might also experience neck stiffness and headaches
Your body is fighting chronic infection which leads to the clumping of nodes
78
What is it when your lymph nodes are not tender, they are very firm/hard and fixed to their position, can be greater than 3cm and matted together
This is seen in cancerous cells
79
Localized bone disease where it softens, thickens, and deforms bones
Paget's disease of bones (osteitis deformans)
80
Excessive secretion of growth hormones from pituitary after puberty
Elongated head, massive face, prominent nose and lower jaw, heavy eye brow ridge, coarse facial features
Acromegaly
81
What happens to the aging adult with head, face, and neck regions?
```
Head tremors
Aging teeth (no teeth may make face look sunken in)
Concave or curved neck (kyphosis)
Slow ROM
Droopy submandibular glands
```
82
What are the changes in an aging adult related to skin?
There will be a delay in healing (diabetics take longer to heal than normal) check for a history of diabetes
Changes in feet, strength, fall risks
Dry skin, are they using extra lotion?
83
End of stages of cancer
Face looks sunken in
Malnourished
Anorexic and bulimic patients
Cachectic appearance
84
Adaption of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens
Accommodation
85
Unequal pupil size
Anisocoria
86
Gray white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging
Arcus senilis
87
Pupil does not react to light, does constrict with accommodation
Argyll Robertson pupil
88
Refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in refractive surfaces of the eye (cornea and lens)
Astigmatism
89
Crossing paths of an artery and vein in the ocular fundus
A-V Crossing
90
Loss of both temporal visual fields
Bitemporal hemianopsia
91
Inflammation of the glands and eyelash follicles along the margin of the eyelids
Blepharitis
92
Opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision
Cataract
93
Infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland, showing as a beady nodule on the eyelid
Chalazion
94
Infection of the conjunctiva "pinkeye"
Conjunctivitis
95
Abnormal soft exudates visible as gray-white areas on the ocular fundus
Cotton wool area
96
Ratio of the width of the physiologic cup to the width of the optic disc, normally half or less
Cup disc ratio
97
Unit of strength of the lens settings on the ophthalmoscope that changes focus on the eye structures
Diopter
98
Double vision
Diplopia
99
Benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with age
Drusen
100
Lower eyelid loose and rolling outward
Ectropion
101
Lower eyelid rolling inward
Entropion
102
Protruding eyeballs
Exophthalmos
103
Area of keenest vision at the center of the macula on the ocular fundus
Fovea
104
A group pf eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure
Glaucoma
105
Red, painful pustule that is localized infection of hair follicle at eye lid margin (stye)
Hordeolum
106
The abnormal finding of round red dots on the ocular fundus that are localized dilations of small vessels
Microaneurysm
107
Constricted pupils
Miosis
108
Dilated pupils
Mydriasis
109
"Nearsighted" refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision
Myopia
110
Involuntary rapid rhythmic movement of the eyeball
Nystagmus
111
Oculus dexter, or right eye
OD
112
Oculus sinister, or left eye
OS
113
Pallor of the optic disc due to partial or complete death of optic nerve
Optic atrophy
114
Area of ocular fundus in which blood vessels exit and enter
Optic disc
115
Stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus, sign of increased intracranial pressure
Papilledema
116
Decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging
Presbyopia
117
Triangular opaque tissue on the nasal side of the conjunctiva that grows toward the center of the cornea
Pterygium
118
Drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possibly covering pupil
Ptosis
119
Red glow that appears to fill the person's pupil when first visualized through the ophthalmoscope
Red reflex
120
Disparity of the eye axis (squint, crossed eye)
Strabismus
121
Soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eyes
Xanthelasma
122
Describe the lacrimal system
Tear producing glands and a system set to drain those tears, keeps the eye moist which also keeps the eye healthy because it spreads tears/liquids over the eye each time you blink
123
What does the outer layer of the eye consist of...
Sclera
| Cornea
124
What does the middle layer of the eye consist of...
```
Choroid
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Anterior and posterior chambers
```
125
What does the inner layer of the eye consist of...
Retina
| Optic discs
126
What happens to the eyes of an aging adult
They will be loose, droopy, drier
| Most common vision problems will be due to cataract formation, glaucoma, and macular degeneration
127
Outer fibrous rim encircling the eardrum
Annulus
128
Congenital absence or closure of ear canal
Atresia
129
Yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal
Cerumen
130
Inner ear structure containing the central hearing apparatus
Cochlea
131
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air
Eustachian tube
132
Superior posterior free rim of the pinna
Helix
133
Anvil, middle of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
Incus
134
Hammer, first of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
Malleus
135
Bony prominence of the skull located just behind the ear
Organ of Corti
136
Pain in the ear
Otalgia
137
Inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal
| Swimmers ear
Otitis externa
138
Inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane
Otitis media
139
Discharge from the ear
Otorrhea
140
Small, slack, superior section of tympanic membrane
Pars tensa
141
Auricle or outer ear
Pinna
142
Stirrup, inner of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear
Stapes
143
Ringing in the ears
Tinnitus
144
"Eardrum" thin, translucent, oval membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separates the middle ear from the outer ear
Should be flat, pulled in, and grey
If its bulging that means infection
Tympanic membrane
145
Knob of the malleus that shows through the tympanic membrane
Umbo
146
A spinning, twirling sensation
Vertigo
147
What part of the ear provides equilibrium
Labyrinth
148
Common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between 20-40, gradual hardening that impedes the transmission of sound
Otosclerosis
149
Gradual onset of hearing loss central neural loss over the years, compared to trauma hearing loss which is sudden
Elderly cant localize sounds, have a delayed reaction time, cant hear high frequency sounds
Presbycusis
150
What characteristics of the ear will an aging adult have
Big ear lobes
Hairy ears
Tympanic membrane looks different
Presbycusis
151
Placed surgically in children to equalize pressure and help with drainage
Tympanostomy tubes
152
"Canker sores" small painful round ulcers in the oral mucosa of unknown cause
Aphthous ulcers
153
Pertaining to the cheek
Buccal
154
(Moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infections
Candidiasis
155
Decay in the teeth
Caries
156
Red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth
Cheilitis
157
Closure of nasal cavity due to congenital septum between nasal cavity and pharynx
Choanal atresia
158
Indentations on surface of tonsils
Crypts
159
Non tender, fibrous nodule of the gum
Epulis
160
Small isolated white or yellow papules on oral mucosa
Fordyce granules
161
Red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily
Gingivitis
162
"Cold sores" clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules usually at lip-skin junction
Herpes simplex
163
Small, blue white spots with red halo over oral mucosa, early signs on measles
Koplik spots
164
Chalky white thick raised patch on side of tongue, precancerous
Leukoplakia
165
Upper or lower dental arches out of alignment
Malocclusion
166
Rough, bumpy elevations on dorsal surface of the tongue
Papillae
167
Pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears
Parotid glands
168
Inflammation of the throat
Pharyngitis
169
Soft whitish debris on the teeth
Plaque
170
Smooth gray nodules in the nasal cavity due to chronic allergic rhinitis
Polyps
171
Red swollen inflammation of nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
172
Oral candidiasis in the new born
Thrush
173
1 of 3 bony projections into nasal cavity
Turbinate
174
Free projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate
Uvula
175
What will you see in the nose mouth and throat of an aging adult
Lose sense of taste, add a lot of salt to things
Dry mouth
Tooth and gum erosion
Cancer
176
Functional units of the lung, the thin walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
Alveoli
177
Cessation of breathing
Apnea
178
Abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed shrunken deflated section of alveoli
Atelectasis
179
One of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide
Bronchioles
180
Inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion
Bronchitis
181
The spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue
Bronchophony
182
The normal breathing sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
Bronchovesicular
183
The solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia
Consolidation
184
Rales.. abnormal discontinuous adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration
Crackles
185
Coarse, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lungs and enters the subcutaneous tissue
Crepitus
186
The voice sound of eeeee heard through the stethoscope
Egophony
187
COPD characterized by enlarged alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles
Emphysema
188
Narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
fissure
189
Palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall
Fremitus
190
Coarse grating adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
Friction rub
191
Hypercarbia, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
192
A type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
Kussmaul respirations
193
Ability to breath easily only in an upright position
Orthopnea
194
Abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura
Pleural effusion
195
Low pitched musical snoring adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretion
Rhonchi
196
The soft low pitched normal breath sound heard over peripheral lung fields
Vesicular
197
High pitched musical squeaking adventitious lung sound
Wheeze
198
sword shaped lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
199
What will you see in the thorax and lungs of an aging adult
Calcified rib cartilage
Rigid
Air movement
Post op complications
