Exam 2 | Blood, Adipose, Cartilage And Bone Flashcards by Gabriel Zeigler

General features of Adipose tissue are: ____(A)____ (cells) and they have increased ___(B)___, and __(C)_______.

A. Adipocyte
B. Increased Blood Vessels
C. Increased Innervation

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Key Features for Adipose are:
(4 features) A, B, C, & D.

A. Stores Fat
B. Provides Insulation
C. Makes up 15-20% of Body Weight
D. Adipocyte Cells

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Adypocytes originate from __________ _________ as lipoblasts.

Embryonic Mesenchyme

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What hormone is produced by adipocytes?

Leptin

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What does leptin do in the body?

regulates appetite

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What are the two types of Adipocytes?

Unilocular (white) and Multilocular (Brown)

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Where does Adipose store fat?

Triglycerides

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Triglycerides have three distinct features. What are they?

Insoluble in water
2x caloric density as proteins and Carbs
Concentrated as lipid droplets

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T/F
Adipose tissue works as a filler tissue to maintain organ placement.

True

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Embryonic mesenchyme create ___________ which develop to form adipose tissue.

Lipoblasts

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Where would you find more surface adipose on the body? What is the purpose?

Purpose: Protection from abrasion, cushioning
Areas: eyeball, palm of hand, sole of foot,
(other areas: heart, adrenal gland)

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The primary fiber in the matrix is…

Reticular Fibers

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Adipocytes specialize in concentrating triglycerides as ___________.

Lipid Droplets

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What is Unilocular Adipose and its features?

White adypocytes
single, large regions of adipose cells that are highly vascularized
Single lipid droplet of triglycerides.
nucleus and cell contents pushed to periphery of cell

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What is multilocular adipose and its features?

Brown adipocytes
many small lipid droplets
centrally located nucleus
abundant mitochodria

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What is the balance of White adipose tissue in adults vs. children?

Increase in production in first 10 years of life - produces little or none after.
99% of adipose tissue adults

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When is brown adipose tissue prevalent?

As children - 1% of adipose tissue in adults is multilocular

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Within the mitochondria, white adipose tissue produces what?

ATP

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Describe how white adipose tissue produces ATP in the mitochondria?

Facilitates proton transfer from the intermembrane to the Matrix of cell by utilizing ATP Synthetase.

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What are the mitochondria in brown adipose is responsible for?

Heat Production

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Describe the process of heat production within the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue.

Proton transfer from intermembrane to matrix WITHOUT ATP SYNTHETASE (uncoupling factor) to produce thermogenin.

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Define Caveolae.

Invaginations or depressions in the cell membrane. Play an important role in lipid trafficking as adipocytes are constantly collecting lipid droplets from its surrounding as it grows in size.

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A Mesenchymal stem cell is the progenitor cell for both ___(A)_____ & ___(B)___ in which ____(B)____ are the progenitor cells for adipocytes.

A. Fibroblasts
B. Lipoblasts

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White adipose tissue have 4 functions. What are they?

Energy storage
Insulation
Cushioning the vital organs
Secretion of hormones

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Insulation of the body occurs where?

hypodermis, subcutaneously in abdomen, buttocks and thighs

Where does cushioning occur in the kidney?

Retroperitoneal space

The hormone angiotensinogen is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?

causes vasoconstriction and regulates BP. - Too much secreted causes an Increase in BP and lead to hypertension

The hormone adiponectin is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?

Regulates fatty acid breakdown

What kind of nucleus would one find in a brown adipose tissue?

leptochromatic

What comprises the Matrix in blood cells?

ground substance and fibers

Another name for the matrix in the blood?

Plasma

What is the most common protein in plasma?

Albumin

Where is albumin produced and what does it do?

Produced in Liver Binds to H20 and transports fatty acids

What are the three types of Gobulin cells in Plasma?

Alpha Beta Gamma

What is the purpose of Alpha Globulin?

Produce HDL

Purpose of Beta Gobulin? (2 answers)

Produces **LDL** by: a. uses **Transferin & Fe in the production of Hemoglobin** b. provides **Prothrombin** as a clotting factor

What is another name for Gamma Globulins and Why?

"Immunoglobulins" | provides antibodies that are produced by plasma cells

What are the non-protein components in Plasma?

Electrolytes, Glucose, HDL, LDL, Vitamins and Trace Minerals

HDL and LDL is produced in what organ?

Liver

When looking at the make up of blood cells, what percentage are RBC's?

44% | Expressed as hematocrit

White blood cells are made up of two types of cells, what are they?

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes in WBC's?

Neutraphils Eosinophils Basophils

The two types of Agranulocytes in WBC's are...

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

# Describe this "formula" Plasma - Fibrin = Serum

Matrix of Blood - Blood Fibers = Ground substance

What purpose does fibrin have in the blood?

Blood Fibers contribute to blood clotting

How much blood is found in the human body?

6 Liters

When looking at the make up of Blood, what is the percentage of Plasma?

55%

What are the cellular components of Blood (not plasma), and their percentages?

45% Blood Volume: - Buffy Coat 1%: WBC, Platelets - RBC's 44%

What nutrient in plasma is responsible for RBC synthesis and is released by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin

How long do RBC’s live?

120 days

What organ filters dead RBC's

Spleen

What is the scientific name for RBC?

Erythrocyte

What are reticulocytes? What are their characteristics?

Premature RBC - Increase in # indicates hemolysis (bleeding, rupture) - Enter ciruculation through bone marrow sinusoidal capillaries & mature within 1-2 days

What is hemoglobin made of?

2 Alpha globulin and 2 beta globulin 1 heme per globulin chain required | Transferin brings Fe2 for production

4 types of anemia described in lecture are?

- Blood loss Anemia - Hemolytic Anemia (genetic: Sickle Cell, Thalassemia) - Deficiency Anemia (Deficiency of Fe2) -Erythrocytosis (Increased RBC as adaption to Low O2 levels in higher altitudes)

Scientific name for WBC's?

Leukocytes

What percentage of blood are comprised of WBC’s?

1-2%

Another name for platelets are:

thrombocytes

What are enzyme filled granules or vesicles?

Lysosomes

What are platelets derrived from?

megakaryocytes

The progenitor cell for erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes is?

Hemocytoblast | hemotopoetic stem cell

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

1-4 days

What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?

1-4 weeks

What is the lifespan of a basophil?

Several months

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

A few weeks to a few months

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

Years

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil?

3-5 lobes

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Kills and defends against bacteria (phagocytosis)

Describe the granules of a neutrophil?

Neutral/Colourless

What is the tissue interaction of a neutrophil?

Signal as needed

What cells are terminal?

-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil (also RBCs)

What cells are non-terminal?

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Which cells are bilobed and how do you differentiate between cells?

-Eosinophil -Basophil: Covered by granules/rarely seen

What is the function of a eosinophil?

Defend body from worms and digest histamines

Describe the granules of eosinophils?

Pink

Which cells constantly interact with the tissues?

Eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, lymphocytes

What is the function of a basophil?

Modulate inflammation (releases histamine)

Describe the granules of basophils?

Blue/Purple (Cover the nucleus)

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte?

Folded nucleus

What is the function of a monocyte?

Immune defence and tissue repair “Big Guns”

Describe the nucleus of the lymphocyte?

Large nucleus

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

Adaptive immunity

What is the function of a RBC?

Gas transport

Functions of Ca++

-Muscle Contraction, AP Transmission, Bone/Teeth Structure, Oocyte activation, blood clotting

Functions of Na+

Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, and other metabolic functions

Functions of K+

Creation of resting potential, participation in sodium-potassium pump, maintenance of intercellular fluid balance, muscle/heart contractions

Functions of Mg+

Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor of many enzymes, ATP synthesis/usage, DNA/RNA synthesis

The lacunae of bone contain: A. Bone Marrow B. Blood Cells C. Osteocytes D. Osteons

C. Osteocytes

Lining that covers compact bone: A. Epimysium B. Periosteum C. Endosteum D. Pericardium

B. Periosteum

Lining of marrow cavity: A. Epimysium B. Periosteum C. Endosteum D. Perichondrium

C. Endosteum

What is hematopoiesis? A. A process that takes place in yellow marrow B. Formation of bone cells C. A process that is part of the muscular system D. Formation of blood cells

D. Formation of blood cells

A condition that produces the reduction of bone mass sufficient to make bone brittle? A. Osteopenia B. Osteoporosis C. Ossification D. Osteolysis

B. Osteoporosis

Cells that synthesize (build) bone: A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteolysis

B. Osteoblasts

What runs though the central canal of an osteon? A. Bone Marrow B. Lacunae C. Blood Vessels D. Lamellae

C. Blood vessels

Which of the following cells is not found on the bone surface? A. Osteoclast B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteoprogenitor Cell

C. Osteocytes

Where do osteocytes reside? A. Lamellae B. Lacunae C. Canaliculi D. Haversian Canal

B. Lacunae

Which is the most common cartilage type in the body? A. Hyaline Cartilage B. Elastic Cartilage C. Fibrocartilage

A. Hyaline Cartilage

Which type of cartilage can grow only by interstititial growth? A. Hyaline Cartilage B. Fibrocartilage C. Elastic Cartilage

B. Fibrocartilage

Which of the following cell types are “ Alive”? A. Chondroblasts B. Chondrogenic Cells C. Chondrocytes D. All are Alive

D. All are alive

Inter-territorial martix has proportionately less fibers (True or False)

False

What happens when a chondroblast undergoes shrinking? (Can be multiple) A. Lacuna appears next to the cell B. It secretes more proteins in the martix C. It shrinks because it is dying D. It remains alive and maintains ability to divide

A. Lacuna appears next to the cell D. It remains alive and maintains the ability to divide

Which of the following is an example of Fibrocartilage? A. Epiglottis B. Articular cartilage C. Meniscus D. Epiphyseal Plate

C. Meniscus

Interstitial Lamellae are older concentric Lamellae after bone remodelling (True/False)

True

Perichondrium is only found around hyaline (except Articular) and elastic cartilages (True/False)

True

Haversian Canals contain both blood vessels and nerves (True/False)

True

Hyaline Cartilage is the most common cartilage type in the body (True/False)

True

Hematopoiesis takes place in Fibrocartilage (True/False)

False

Calcium hydroxyapatite is the primary bone marterial (True/False)

True

Canaliculi help transport nutrients from one concentric Lamellae to another (True/False)

True

The smallest structural unit of spongy bone is Trabecula (True/False)

False

Functions of Cartilage

-Mechanical Shock Absorber (Hyaline) -Provide the smooth lining of joints -Respiratory Tract and Bronchial Tree Formation -Model for Bone Growth (Endochondiral Ossification) -Cushion and Tensile Strength -Strength/Support of Soft Tissue (Ie.Ear Pinna)

Describe Interstitial Cartilage Growth

-Fibrocartilage -Early Years -Type II and Type I Cartilage -Divide/Secrete Martix

Describe Appositional Cartilage Growth

-Elastic and Hyaline Cartilage -Type II Collagen and Elastic Fibers -Perichondrium (“Outside-In” Growth) -Life Long

Differences between elastic cartilage and Fibrocartilage?

1) Collagen Fibers -elastic: Type II and elastic -Fibrocartilage: Type II and Type I 2) Perichondrium -elastic: Perichondrium present (Appositional growth) -Fibrocartilage: Perichondrium absent (Interstitial growth) 3) Locations -Elastic: Auditory canal, ear pinna, and epiglottis -Fibrocartilage: Meniscus, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis 4) Formation of chondroblasts/chondrocytes -Elastic: Clutsters -Fibrocartilage: Rows

Examples of Hyaline Cartilage

-Articular surfaces of Diarthrosis -Ventral ends of ribs -Respiratory tract and wall of bronchial tree -cartilage of the nose -cartilage of the larynx -Endochondial ossification -Epipheseal plate

Differences between Compact and Spongy Bone

1) Units -Compact: Haversian Canals and Osteocytes -Spongy: Trabeculae and Spicules 2) Weight -Compact: Heavy -Spongy: Spaces make bone light, but sturdy 3) Minerals -Compact: Haversian canal supplies blood to caniculi -Spongy: Hollow spaces allow for easy movement of blood vessels and bone marrow. Also allows for movement of calcium and phosphorus quickly 4) Prescence of Caniculi -Compact: Caniculi present -Spongy: Caniculi absent

Differences between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

1) Function -Osteoblasts: Bone formation -Osteoclasts: Maintenence, repair, bone remodelling 2) Nucleus -Osteoblasts: Mononucleated -Osteoclasts: Multinucleated 3) Secretion -Osteoblasts: Secretes the extracellular matrix -Osteoclasts: Secretes Acids (Acid Phosphotase/ Cathepsin K) 4) Origin -Osteoblasts: Periosteum -Osteoclasts: Moncytes 5) Presence of Lacuna -Osteoblasts: Absent -Osteoclasts: Present as bony depression (Howship’s lacuna)

Exam 2 | Blood, Adipose, Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

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