Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Nuclear Envelope?
A
Two layers of nuclear membrane
2
Q
What is the purpose of the Nucleolus?
(2 answers)
A
Produce rRNA &
Form Ribosomal Subunits
3
Q
T or F
There can be more than one nucleolus found within a nucleus?
A
True
4
Q
What are the Two types of Chromatin found in a nucleus?
A
Euchromatin (light)
Heterochromatin (dark)
5
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes are located in the cell Nucleus?
A
23
6
Q
Tightly packed nucleas is called?
A
Pachychromatic
7
Q
Pachychromatic Nuclei contain more of what?
A
Heterochromatin
8
Q
Leptochromatic Nuclei contain more…
(3 specific answers)
A
Euchromatin
rER
Golgi
9
Q
What nucleoprotein helps in packaging the DNA?
A
Histones
10
Q
Term for DNA within a nucleus
A
Chromatin
11
Q
What are transcriptionally ACTIVE and Lightly stained areas within the DNA?
A
Euchromatin
12
Q
What are transcriptionally INACTIVE areas that are found in the peripheral areas of the nucleoplasm and are deeply stained?
A
Heterochromatin
13
Q
What is a long chain of polymerized nucleotindes that are made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
A
DNA
14
Q
H2A, H2B, H3, & H4 bound with a histone (H1) & DNA combine to form what?
A
Nucleosome
15
Q
How many core histones combine to form a nucleosome?
A
8
16
Q
What does the nucleus contain?
A
-Genetic material (DNA)—>Chromosomes
-Nucleoprotein (histones & enzymes for synthesis of DNA & RNA)
-Some RNA (all three types are produced in the nucleus)
17
Q
Two major appearances of the nucleus
A
Pachtchromatic (thick or dense) and Leptochromatic (Fine, thin, delicate)
18
Q
Characteristics of a Leptochromatic Nucleus
A
-Increased euchromatic nucleolus (loose DNA)
-Increased rER —>Active Protein
-Golgi—>Synthesis
19
Q
Characteristics of Pachychromatic Nuclei
A
-More Heterochromatin (compact DNA)
-Cytoplasm: Few Organelles
-More dormant cell—>Does no do much protein synthesis
20
Q
Structure of the Nucleus
A
- Nuclear envelope: Two layers of nuclear membrane
- Nucleolus: For synthesis of the rRNA
- Chromatin
-Euchromatin: light/rare areas
-Heterochromatin: darker/dense area
21
Q
Where are the ribosomal subunits formed?
A
Nucleolus, inside the nucleus
22
Q
Where are the ribosomal RNA produced?
A
Nucleolus
23
Q
What is the responsibility of the nuclear envelope?
A
-Enclosing the nuclear material and separating it from the cytoplasm
24
Q
Name the two parallel membranes of the nuclear envelope
A
-Outer nuclear membrane: Continuous with the membrane of rER
-Inner nuclear membrane
25
What is the thin space between the two nuclear membranes
Perinuclear cisterna
26
What is perinuclear cisterna?
This space is the continuation with the cisternae of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
27
What is the nuclear Lamina?
A fibrous layer that supports the inner nuclear membrane, that’s built from proteins called Lamin
28
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope
29
What is the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and what do they do?
-A cylinder-like structure that builds the nuclear pore
-Permit passage of certain molecules in either directions
30
What are some characteristics of the nucleolus?
-Dense structure
-Not covered by any membrane
-Number: can be one or more)
-Well developed (prominent) in cells with very active protein synthesis
31
What does the nucleolus contain?
-DNA: genes that encode for the rRNA formation
-rRNA and protein
32
What are nucleolar organizer regions?
DNA genes that encode for rRNA formation
33
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site for the synthesis of the rRNA
34
Function of connective tissue
Support cells/organs
Act as medium exchange for nutrients and wastes
Protect against microorganisms
repairs damaged tissue
35
Connective tissue is made of
Cells
Extracellular matrix
36
Sulfated GAGs like to bind to
H2O
37
Whats GAG?
Glycos Amino Glycans
38
Ground substance consists of
proteoglycans
39
The most common fiber type is
collagen fiber
40
The most common collagen fiber
Type 1
41
Collagen is mostly secreted by
fibroblasts
42
most abundant protein in body
collagen
43
amino acids are linked together in a single stranded peptide
procollagen alpha chain
44
most common AA chain
proline-lysine-glysine
45
where does the formation of each procollagen alpha chain happen
in rER
46
once procollagen alpha chains assembles into a triple helix structure it is now called
procollagen molecule
47
procollagen molecules are.......
(2 answers)
1. it is soluble
2. can be stored in the fibroblasts until release
48
from the rER the procollgen molecules are transported to the
golgi apparatus
49
what prevents procollagen molecules from undergoing fibrillogenesis until they have been secreted
inactivation peptides
50
Whats tropocollagen
procollagen without its inactivation peptides
51
whats fibrillogenesis
is the development of fine fibrils normally present in collagen fibers of connective tissue
52
the packaging of soluble procollagen in secretory vesicles happens in the
golgi apparatus
53
what assists transport of soluble procollagen molecules to cell surface
secretory vesicles- microtubules and microfilaments
54
another name for type 3 collagen fibers
reticular fibers
55
recticular fibers are found in
lymphoid organs
endocrine glands
liver
basement membrane
surrounding adipocytes
small blood vessels
nerves and muscle cells
56
Whats secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
elastic fibers
57
Explain Marfan's Syndrome at a histological level
There's a mutation in the fibrillin gene, where the scaffold is effected.
58
Symptoms of Marfan's
Lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic cells
Aneurysms
Curved spine
Excessively long limbs
59
4 main cells of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
60
Most common cell in CT
Fibroblasts
61
Fibroblasts secrete
(4 answers)
Collagen
Elastin
GAGs
PGs
62
Active fibroblasts have
Leptochromatic nucleus
more rER
more Golgi
63
Inactive fibroblasts have
Pachychromatic nucleus
less rER
less Golgi
64
Inactive fibroblasts are called
fibrocytes
65
How does wound repair work?
1. Fibroblasts undergo mitosis to create more myofibroblasts
2. Myofibroblasts have increased actin-increased contractile function
3. Myofibroblasts secrete CT like collagen/elastin to fill up space with a dense reticular connective tissue
66
Disorders caused by accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen deposited in the skin by hyperproliferation of fibroblasts
hypertrophic scars and keloids
67
Name the term that describes scars that grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress.
keloid
68
mother of all tissue
mesenchyme
69
Found in loose CT near smaller blood vessels, skin, mucosal membranes of GI and respiratory tracts
Mast cells
70
What do mast cells secrete
Heparin
Histamine
Cytokines
Gets secreted as protection in an inflammatory response
71
Origination of mast cells
Bone marrow
72
Irregular shaped cell with large leptochromatic nucleus
Macrophages
73
Where are macrophages found?
Lungs
Bone Marrow
Blood
74
Macrophage function
Remove debris at the site of inflammation
75
This cell is Oval shaped and has a pachychromatic nucleus
Plasma Cells
76
Where are plasma cells found?
CT
Bone Marrow
Blood
77
Plasma cell function
Produce immunoglobulin antibodies
Antibody function to neutralize antigen that it binds to
78
Where's loose CT found?
Found in under epithelia
Filler between muscles and nerves
79
What is dense CT primarily made of?
Type 1 fibers
80
Connective tissue classifications
1. CT Proper
2. Embryonic CT
3. Reticular CT
81
What does CT primarily do?
Protects organs
82
describe the nucleus
Pachychromatic
83
the dark area found in the nucleus?
the area with gaps in the NE are what?
Nucleus
Nuclear Pores
84
What is the "waffling" in the cell?
Nuclear Lamina
85
Describe the Nucleus
Leptochromatic
86
What is: A, B, C, & D
A: Hectocromatin
B: Euchromatin
C: Pachychromatic Nucleus
D: Leptochromatic Nucleus
87
Type of Muscle cells pictured?
Cardiac Muscle Cells
88
The _________ nucleus contains two ________.
Leptochromatic
Nucleolus
89
The cells labeled G are what?
What is their purpose in the cell?
What type of nucleus?
Goblet Cells | Produce Mucus
Pachychromatic
90
What is A, B, & C?
A: Goblet Cell
B: Leptochromatic (active) Nucleus
C: Microvilli
91
What is the type of tissue pictured?
Liver Tissue
92
Type of CT thats a strong, flexible tendon and ligament tissue. Very few blood vessels.
Dense regular CT
93
CT in umbilical cord called?
Mucoid CT (Wharton's Jelly)
94
The regenerative tissue of the growing embryo during embryogenesis
Mesenchyme
95
Provides framework for tissues like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Reticular CT
96
Type of Epithelia and cells on the outer layer?
Transitional Epithelia w/Dome/umbrella cells
97
Name the line (A) separating the Kinocilia with what epithelia layer (B)?
A: Kinetosome
B: Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
98
Tissue consists of
group of cells and extracellular substance
99
What is the (1) & (2) arrows pointing to?
1: umbrella cells
2: Basal cells
100
The following are examples of:
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia
101
Picture depicts an example of what kind of Epithelium?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
102
The living component of tissue is (1.) and the non living component is (2.)
1. Cells
2. Extracellular substance
103
What kind of epithelial tissues is depicted?
Simple Squamous
104
This picture shows _______ _______ epithelium and is found in the lining of what?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Ducts of the Renal Tubule
105
The 4 primary tissues in the body
Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue
106
This is a picture of what?
Glomerular epithelium of the Kidney Cortex
107
Arrows
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
108
This is a longitudinal section of:
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (Ducts of the Renal Tubule)
109
1, 2 & 3
1. Simple Columnar Epithelium
2. Nucleus
3. Blood Vessel
110
2, 4-6, 7, 8
2: Glycocalyx
4-6: Cell Junctions
7: Vessicle
8: Mitochondrion
111
Characteristics of Epithelial tissue
1. Closely packed array of cells
2. Cells sit on basement membrane
3. Polarity in structure
4. Avascular
112
Classifications of Epithelial tissue
1. Lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
3. Transitional epithelium
113
Functions of epithelium
1. Protection (not glandular)
2. Secretion (not lining)
3. Absorption
4. Transport of material on the epithelial surface and transcellular transport
5. Selective permeability
6. Sensory cells
114
what are the black and white bars near the bottom of the picture?
Collagen Type 1
115
Explain the structure of simple epithelia
all cells touch the basement membrane and all cells reach the free surface
116
These are fibers of ________ which are compromised of:
Collagen Type 1, Fibrils
117
Explain the structure of pseudostratified epithelia
all cells touch the basement membrane but not all cells touch the free surface
118
The scaffold between these cells are:
Collagen Type 3
119
Name the marked areas:
1: Plasma Membrane
2: Collagen Type 1
3: Mitochondria
4: rER cisterna
5: Ribosome
120
The pictures are ___________, where the dark purple areas are______.
Bundles of Collagen Type 1 | Fibroblasts
121
Explain the structure of stratified epithelia
only the basal layer cells touch the basement membrane touches and not all cells touch the free surface
122
label each picture from left to right: ______, _______, ______, and are different examples of: _________ & ________.
Mesentry | Deomis | Wall of Blood Vessel
Collagen Type 1 & Elastic Fibers
123
This cell is a:
macrophage
124
Dark purple areas are:
The pink ares are:
This is tissue is an example of:
Fibroblast/Fibrocyte
Collagen Type 1
Dense Regular CT
125
Explain the structure of transitional epithelia
the surface change between squamous and cuboidal shapes
126
The dark circles in the images are:
Mast Cells
127
The cells in these photos are:
Plasma Cells
128
type of epithelia with a single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped nuclei
Simple squamous
129
The dark circles in this picture are:
Mast Cells
130
What kind of cell?
Plasma Cell
131
What are simple squamous epithelia involved in?
Passive transport of either gases or fluids
132
What is labeled L?
What is labeled D?
L: Loose Connective Tissue
D: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
133
Type of CT?
What type of tissue?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Collagen Type 1
134
type of epithelia with a single layer of square shaped, polygonal nuclei
simple cuboidal
135
1? 2? 3?
What kind of tissue is found in the cell?
1: Collagen Type 1 Bundle
2: Fibroblast Nucleus
3: Blood Vessel
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
136
Pink part?
Purple dots?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts
137
Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
Excretory
Secretory
Absorptive
138
Where can simple cuboidal be found?
found in linings of small ducts, tubules of salivary, pancreas, and kidneys
139
What are the areas pointing to?
Collagen type 3 | Reticulin
140
Type of tissue found in the umbilical cord?
Mucoid Connectie Tissue
141
Initial tissue, referred to as the Mother of All tissue.
mesenchyme
142
type of epithelia with a single layer of elongated nuclei
simple columnar
143
Where are simple columnar epithelia found?
Found on absorptive surfaces such as small intestine
144
Type of epithelia with two or more layers
Stratified epithelium
145
How do you determine the type of stratified epithelia?
The type is determined by the top layer
146
Main function of stratified epithelia?
Protective function
147
Type of epithelia that is the strongest protection against abrasion
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
148
where is non keratinized stratified squamous found?
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anal,Cervix, Vaginal canals
149
Type pf epithelia that the tongue is made of
Keratinized stratified squamous
150
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Found in the lining of sweat gland in the skin
151
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
Present in the lining of large excretory ducts of exocrine glands
152
Type of epithelium found in the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified (columnar) epithelium
153
Motile cilia is called
Kinocilia
154
Non-motile cilia is called
Stereocilia
155
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
Bladder, 1/2 urethra
156
Where can the dome/umbrella cells be found?
Transitional epithelium
157
Structures found on the apical surface of epithelia
Microvilli
Kinocilia
Stereocilia
158
Structure found on the lateral surface of epithelia
Cell junctions Zo, Za, Ma
159
Structure found on the basal surface of epithelia
Hemidesmosome
Basal Lamina
160
Epithelium of small intestine and tubules in kidney have a (1) which consists of 3000 microvili per cell
Brush Border
161
Core of each microvillus
Microfilaments
162
What motor protein allows for kinocilia to bend?
Dynein
163
Syndrome from absence of dynein
Kartagener's Syndrome
164
The terminal bar consists of
Cell junction and gap junction
165
What are Zo/Za/Ma main function?
to seal the intercellular spaces and hold the cells tightly together
166
Which tight junction forms a collar around each cell
Zo
167
What's the transmembrane protein that helps stitch the cell membranes tightly together?
Claudin
168
Which tight junction provide anchorage spots for the cytoskeleton?
Za and Ma
169
What is each connexon made of?
6 connexins
170
Functions of gap junction
1. control the growth, development, and cell differentation
2. Electrical coupling for visceral and cardiac cells
171
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
Facilitate adhesion of epithelium to basement membrane
172
The basal lamina consists of 4 cell structures:
Type 4 collagen
Laminin
Entactin
Proteoglycan (PG)
173
Glandular epithelium with ducts is?
Exocrine Glands
174
Glandular epithelium without ducts is?
Endocrine Glands
175
Exocrine gland that is most common mechanism of secretion
Merocrine (eccrine) secretion
176
Exocrine gland that has the cells burst open
Holocrine secretion
177
Exocrine gland that is mainly a mammary gland, where the pinched off portion of cell is secreted
Apocrine secretion
178
What cell is unicellular, and it's main. purpose is the synthesis and secretion of mucous?
Goblet Cell
179
Where are goblet cells found?
Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal tracts
180
Mesothelium is also called
simple squamous epithelium
181
T/F
Type II collagen is the most common type of collagen found in the Human body.
False
182
T/F
Fibrocytes are inactive fibroblasts.
True
183
T/F
If the inactivation peptides are cleaved, the procollagen molecule can never be incorporated in the collagen fiber.
False
184
T/F
Osteoclasts (cells that degrade bone matrix) are similar to fibroblasts in function.
False
185
T/F
Wharton's jelly is another name for Mucoid CT.
True
186
T/F
Sulfated GAGs have a strong water-binding property.
True
187
T/F
Type I collagen production is different from other proteins in that it does not go through Golgi body.
False
188
T/F
Plasma cells are matured B-lymphocytes.
True
189
T/F
Dermis is a type of connective tissue.
True
190
T/F
Connective tissue acts like a medium for transport of nutrients to other tissues.
True
191
T/F
Procollagen modification by hydroxylation and glycosylation happens in the rough ER.
True
192
T/F
The typical light-dark banding is only seen on Type I collagen.
True
193
T/F
Fibroblasts are needed to initiate an inflammatory response.
False
194
T/F
Loose CT lacks collagen fibers, and is only made of ground substance and cells.
False
195
T/F
Mast cells granules are actually inclusion bodies produced by the cell.
False
196
T/F
Aortic aneurysm is the deposition of plaque inside the Aorta.
False
197
T/F
Reticular connective tissue has regenerative properties, hence utilized in research.
False
198
T/F
The extracellular matrix is made of cells and ground substance.
False
199
T/F
Mast cells originate in the bone marrow with other blood cells.
True
200
T/F
Fibroblast is the most common cell type of the CT.
True
201
T/F
Fibrillin forms a scaffold required for the formation of healthy Elastic fibers.
True
202
T/F
Macrophages have the ability to clean up the debris of self and foreign cells.
True
203
T/F
Macrophages are generally inactive and hence carry a pachychromatic nucleus.
False
204
T/F
Reticulin is a type of Collagen.
True
205
T/F
Hemidesmosomes are partial Zonula adherens junctions.
False
206
T/F
n a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, all cells are attached to the basement membrane.
True
207
T/F
Epithelium can carry our absorption and secretions.
True
208
T/F
Epithelial tissue has blood vasculature that supplies it with nutrients.
False
209
T/F
Cells of the simple cuboidal epithelium that are found in renal tubules that carry urine, are connected to each other by excess cell junctions.
True
210
T/F
Goblet cells are secretory in nature.
True
211
T/F
Epithelium is the only tissue without a basement membrane.
False
212
T/F
Macula Adherens is also called as Desmosomes.
True
213
T/F
Collectively, all cell junctions are called Terminal Web.
False
214
T/F
Goblet cells are tall like the surrounding columnar cells and can reach the free surface of the epithelium.
True
215
T/F
Microvilli are covered with glycocalyx but Kinocilia are not.
True
216
T/F
Transitional epithelium is also called as mesothelium.
False
217
T/F
Microvilli and Cilia both are supported by actin protein.
False
218
T/F
Gap junctions play in important role in Juxtacrine signaling where cell have to be in direct physical contact to interact/ exchange.
True
219
T/F
The web of actin that supports the microvilli is called as Terminal Bar.
True
220
T/F
Holocrine secretion involves break down of the cells of the gland that secretes.
True
221
T/F
Claudin proteins forms the ZO junction.
True
222
T/F
Transitional epithelium is found in the stomach which is distended when you consume food filling the stomach lumen.
False
223
T/F
Epithelial tissue are of lining and glandular types.
True
224
T/F
Kinocilia are non-motile structures meant for binding to odorants in the olfactory epithelium.
False
225
T/F
Terminal web is made of actin protein.
True
226
T/F
Epithelium is a free flow layer because it is highly permeable.
False
227
T/F
The non-keratinized epithelial cells are dead cells.
False
228
T/F
Blood vessels have a lining epithelium of simple columnar type.
False
229
T/F
Zonula Occludens are also called as Connexons.
False
230
T/F
Eccrine secretion involves chunks/ parts of the cell breaking off to be a part of the secretion.
False
231
T/F
Stereocilia can carry our water/ liquid absorption.
True
232
T/F
Simple squamous epithelium of the heart is called endothelium.
True
233
T/F
Simple squamous epithelium makes a really good filtration barrier in the kidney filtration units.
True
234
T/F
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is generally only 2 layers in thickness.
True
235
T/F
Nuclear membrane is a single layer made up of Reticulin A, B and C.
False
236
T/F
Nucleoproteins are required for DNA packaging and synthesis of DNA/RNA.
True
237
T/F
Telomeres are not found on all chromosomes.
False
238
T/F
A Leptochromatic nucleus is a typical feature of a highly inactive/ dormant cell.
False
239
T/F
Regardless of the cell shape, the nucleus is always rounded.
False
240
T/F
Trisomy 18 is an example of Aneuploidy.
True
241
T/F
Hematoxylin dye is basic and it is bluish- purple in color. Given the nature of this dye, ribosomes would stain purple.
True
242
T/F
A Pachychromatic nucleus contains higher proportions of Heterochromatin.
True
