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Histo > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A

Two layers of nuclear membrane

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Nucleolus?

(2 answers)

A

Produce rRNA &
Form Ribosomal Subunits

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3
Q

T or F

There can be more than one nucleolus found within a nucleus?

A

True

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4
Q

What are the Two types of Chromatin found in a nucleus?

A

Euchromatin (light)
Heterochromatin (dark)

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are located in the cell Nucleus?

A

23

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6
Q

Tightly packed nucleas is called?

A

Pachychromatic

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7
Q

Pachychromatic Nuclei contain more of what?

A

Heterochromatin

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8
Q

Leptochromatic Nuclei contain more…

(3 specific answers)

A

Euchromatin
rER
Golgi

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9
Q

What nucleoprotein helps in packaging the DNA?

A

Histones

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10
Q

Term for DNA within a nucleus

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What are transcriptionally ACTIVE and Lightly stained areas within the DNA?

A

Euchromatin

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12
Q

What are transcriptionally INACTIVE areas that are found in the peripheral areas of the nucleoplasm and are deeply stained?

A

Heterochromatin

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13
Q

What is a long chain of polymerized nucleotindes that are made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

A

DNA

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14
Q

H2A, H2B, H3, & H4 bound with a histone (H1) & DNA combine to form what?

A

Nucleosome

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15
Q

How many core histones combine to form a nucleosome?

A

8

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16
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

-Genetic material (DNA)—>Chromosomes
-Nucleoprotein (histones & enzymes for synthesis of DNA & RNA)
-Some RNA (all three types are produced in the nucleus)

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17
Q

Two major appearances of the nucleus

A

Pachtchromatic (thick or dense) and Leptochromatic (Fine, thin, delicate)

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18
Q

Characteristics of a Leptochromatic Nucleus

A

-Increased euchromatic nucleolus (loose DNA)
-Increased rER —>Active Protein
-Golgi—>Synthesis

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19
Q

Characteristics of Pachychromatic Nuclei

A

-More Heterochromatin (compact DNA)
-Cytoplasm: Few Organelles
-More dormant cell—>Does no do much protein synthesis

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20
Q

Structure of the Nucleus

A
  1. Nuclear envelope: Two layers of nuclear membrane
  2. Nucleolus: For synthesis of the rRNA
  3. Chromatin
    -Euchromatin: light/rare areas
    -Heterochromatin: darker/dense area
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21
Q

Where are the ribosomal subunits formed?

A

Nucleolus, inside the nucleus

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22
Q

Where are the ribosomal RNA produced?

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

What is the responsibility of the nuclear envelope?

A

-Enclosing the nuclear material and separating it from the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Name the two parallel membranes of the nuclear envelope

A

-Outer nuclear membrane: Continuous with the membrane of rER
-Inner nuclear membrane

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25
Q

What is the thin space between the two nuclear membranes

A

Perinuclear cisterna

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26
Q

What is perinuclear cisterna?

A

This space is the continuation with the cisternae of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)

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27
Q

What is the nuclear Lamina?

A

A fibrous layer that supports the inner nuclear membrane, that’s built from proteins called Lamin

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28
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Openings in the nuclear envelope

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29
Q

What is the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and what do they do?

A

-A cylinder-like structure that builds the nuclear pore
-Permit passage of certain molecules in either directions

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30
Q

What are some characteristics of the nucleolus?

A

-Dense structure
-Not covered by any membrane
-Number: can be one or more)
-Well developed (prominent) in cells with very active protein synthesis

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31
Q

What does the nucleolus contain?

A

-DNA: genes that encode for the rRNA formation
-rRNA and protein

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32
Q

What are nucleolar organizer regions?

A

DNA genes that encode for rRNA formation

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33
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Site for the synthesis of the rRNA

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34
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Support cells/organs
Act as medium exchange for nutrients and wastes
Protect against microorganisms
repairs damaged tissue

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35
Q

Connective tissue is made of

A

Cells
Extracellular matrix

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36
Q

Sulfated GAGs like to bind to

A

H2O

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37
Q

Whats GAG?

A

Glycos Amino Glycans

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38
Q

Ground substance consists of

A

proteoglycans

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39
Q

The most common fiber type is

A

collagen fiber

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40
Q

The most common collagen fiber

A

Type 1

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41
Q

Collagen is mostly secreted by

A

fibroblasts

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42
Q

most abundant protein in body

A

collagen

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43
Q

amino acids are linked together in a single stranded peptide

A

procollagen alpha chain

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44
Q

most common AA chain

A

proline-lysine-glysine

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45
Q

where does the formation of each procollagen alpha chain happen

A

in rER

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46
Q

once procollagen alpha chains assembles into a triple helix structure it is now called

A

procollagen molecule

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47
Q

procollagen molecules are…….

(2 answers)

A
  1. it is soluble
  2. can be stored in the fibroblasts until release
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48
Q

from the rER the procollgen molecules are transported to the

A

golgi apparatus

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49
Q

what prevents procollagen molecules from undergoing fibrillogenesis until they have been secreted

A

inactivation peptides

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50
Q

Whats tropocollagen

A

procollagen without its inactivation peptides

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51
Q

whats fibrillogenesis

A

is the development of fine fibrils normally present in collagen fibers of connective tissue

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52
Q

the packaging of soluble procollagen in secretory vesicles happens in the

A

golgi apparatus

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53
Q

what assists transport of soluble procollagen molecules to cell surface

A

secretory vesicles- microtubules and microfilaments

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54
Q

another name for type 3 collagen fibers

A

reticular fibers

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55
Q

recticular fibers are found in

A

lymphoid organs
endocrine glands
liver
basement membrane
surrounding adipocytes
small blood vessels
nerves and muscle cells

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56
Q

Whats secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

A

elastic fibers

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57
Q

Explain Marfan’s Syndrome at a histological level

A

There’s a mutation in the fibrillin gene, where the scaffold is effected.

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58
Q

Symptoms of Marfan’s

A

Lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic cells
Aneurysms
Curved spine
Excessively long limbs

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59
Q

4 main cells of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Plasma Cells

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60
Q

Most common cell in CT

A

Fibroblasts

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61
Q

Fibroblasts secrete
(4 answers)

A

Collagen
Elastin
GAGs
PGs

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62
Q

Active fibroblasts have

A

Leptochromatic nucleus
more rER
more Golgi

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63
Q

Inactive fibroblasts have

A

Pachychromatic nucleus
less rER
less Golgi

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64
Q

Inactive fibroblasts are called

A

fibrocytes

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65
Q

How does wound repair work?

A
  1. Fibroblasts undergo mitosis to create more myofibroblasts
  2. Myofibroblasts have increased actin-increased contractile function
  3. Myofibroblasts secrete CT like collagen/elastin to fill up space with a dense reticular connective tissue
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66
Q

Disorders caused by accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen deposited in the skin by hyperproliferation of fibroblasts

A

hypertrophic scars and keloids

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67
Q

Name the term that describes scars that grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress.

A

keloid

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68
Q

mother of all tissue

A

mesenchyme

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69
Q

Found in loose CT near smaller blood vessels, skin, mucosal membranes of GI and respiratory tracts

A

Mast cells

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70
Q

What do mast cells secrete

A

Heparin
Histamine
Cytokines
Gets secreted as protection in an inflammatory response

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71
Q

Origination of mast cells

A

Bone marrow

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72
Q

Irregular shaped cell with large leptochromatic nucleus

A

Macrophages

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73
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Lungs
Bone Marrow
Blood

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74
Q

Macrophage function

A

Remove debris at the site of inflammation

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75
Q

This cell is Oval shaped and has a pachychromatic nucleus

A

Plasma Cells

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76
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

CT
Bone Marrow
Blood

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77
Q

Plasma cell function

A

Produce immunoglobulin antibodies
Antibody function to neutralize antigen that it binds to

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78
Q

Where’s loose CT found?

A

Found in under epithelia
Filler between muscles and nerves

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79
Q

What is dense CT primarily made of?

A

Type 1 fibers

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80
Q

Connective tissue classifications

A
  1. CT Proper
  2. Embryonic CT
  3. Reticular CT
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81
Q

What does CT primarily do?

A

Protects organs

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82
Q

describe the nucleus

A

Pachychromatic

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83
Q

the dark area found in the nucleus?
the area with gaps in the NE are what?

A

Nucleus
Nuclear Pores

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84
Q

What is the “waffling” in the cell?

A

Nuclear Lamina

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85
Q

Describe the Nucleus

A

Leptochromatic

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86
Q

What is: A, B, C, & D

A

A: Hectocromatin
B: Euchromatin
C: Pachychromatic Nucleus
D: Leptochromatic Nucleus

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87
Q

Type of Muscle cells pictured?

A

Cardiac Muscle Cells

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88
Q

The _________ nucleus contains two ________.

A

Leptochromatic
Nucleolus

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89
Q

The cells labeled G are what?
What is their purpose in the cell?
What type of nucleus?

A

Goblet Cells | Produce Mucus
Pachychromatic

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90
Q

What is A, B, & C?

A

A: Goblet Cell
B: Leptochromatic (active) Nucleus
C: Microvilli

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91
Q

What is the type of tissue pictured?

A

Liver Tissue

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92
Q

Type of CT thats a strong, flexible tendon and ligament tissue. Very few blood vessels.

A

Dense regular CT

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93
Q

CT in umbilical cord called?

A

Mucoid CT (Wharton’s Jelly)

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94
Q

The regenerative tissue of the growing embryo during embryogenesis

A

Mesenchyme

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95
Q

Provides framework for tissues like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

A

Reticular CT

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96
Q

Type of Epithelia and cells on the outer layer?

A

Transitional Epithelia w/Dome/umbrella cells

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97
Q

Name the line (A) separating the Kinocilia with what epithelia layer (B)?

A

A: Kinetosome
B: Pseudostratified columnar epithelia

98
Q

Tissue consists of

A

group of cells and extracellular substance

99
Q

What is the (1) & (2) arrows pointing to?

A

1: umbrella cells
2: Basal cells

100
Q

The following are examples of:

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia

101
Q

Picture depicts an example of what kind of Epithelium?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

102
Q

The living component of tissue is (1.) and the non living component is (2.)

A
  1. Cells
  2. Extracellular substance
103
Q

What kind of epithelial tissues is depicted?

A

Simple Squamous

104
Q

This picture shows _______ _______ epithelium and is found in the lining of what?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Ducts of the Renal Tubule

105
Q

The 4 primary tissues in the body

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue

106
Q

This is a picture of what?

A

Glomerular epithelium of the Kidney Cortex

107
Q

Arrows

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

108
Q

This is a longitudinal section of:

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (Ducts of the Renal Tubule)

109
Q

1, 2 & 3

A
  1. Simple Columnar Epithelium
  2. Nucleus
  3. Blood Vessel
110
Q

2, 4-6, 7, 8

A

2: Glycocalyx
4-6: Cell Junctions
7: Vessicle
8: Mitochondrion

111
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A
  1. Closely packed array of cells
  2. Cells sit on basement membrane
  3. Polarity in structure
  4. Avascular
112
Q

Classifications of Epithelial tissue

A
  1. Lining epithelium
  2. Glandular epithelium
  3. Transitional epithelium
113
Q

Functions of epithelium

A
  1. Protection (not glandular)
  2. Secretion (not lining)
  3. Absorption
  4. Transport of material on the epithelial surface and transcellular transport
  5. Selective permeability
  6. Sensory cells
114
Q

what are the black and white bars near the bottom of the picture?

A

Collagen Type 1

115
Q

Explain the structure of simple epithelia

A

all cells touch the basement membrane and all cells reach the free surface

116
Q

These are fibers of ________ which are compromised of:

A

Collagen Type 1, Fibrils

117
Q

Explain the structure of pseudostratified epithelia

A

all cells touch the basement membrane but not all cells touch the free surface

118
Q

The scaffold between these cells are:

A

Collagen Type 3

119
Q

Name the marked areas:

A

1: Plasma Membrane
2: Collagen Type 1
3: Mitochondria
4: rER cisterna
5: Ribosome

120
Q

The pictures are ___________, where the dark purple areas are______.

A

Bundles of Collagen Type 1 | Fibroblasts

121
Q

Explain the structure of stratified epithelia

A

only the basal layer cells touch the basement membrane touches and not all cells touch the free surface

122
Q

label each picture from left to right: ______, _______, ______, and are different examples of: _________ & ________.

A

Mesentry | Deomis | Wall of Blood Vessel
Collagen Type 1 & Elastic Fibers

123
Q

This cell is a:

A

macrophage

124
Q

Dark purple areas are:
The pink ares are:
This is tissue is an example of:

A

Fibroblast/Fibrocyte
Collagen Type 1
Dense Regular CT

125
Q

Explain the structure of transitional epithelia

A

the surface change between squamous and cuboidal shapes

126
Q

The dark circles in the images are:

A

Mast Cells

127
Q

The cells in these photos are:

A

Plasma Cells

128
Q

type of epithelia with a single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped nuclei

A

Simple squamous

129
Q

The dark circles in this picture are:

A

Mast Cells

130
Q

What kind of cell?

A

Plasma Cell

131
Q

What are simple squamous epithelia involved in?

A

Passive transport of either gases or fluids

132
Q

What is labeled L?
What is labeled D?

A

L: Loose Connective Tissue
D: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

133
Q

Type of CT?
What type of tissue?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Collagen Type 1

134
Q

type of epithelia with a single layer of square shaped, polygonal nuclei

A

simple cuboidal

135
Q

1? 2? 3?
What kind of tissue is found in the cell?

A

1: Collagen Type 1 Bundle
2: Fibroblast Nucleus
3: Blood Vessel
Dense Regular Connective Tissue

136
Q

Pink part?
Purple dots?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts

137
Q

Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Excretory
Secretory
Absorptive

138
Q

Where can simple cuboidal be found?

A

found in linings of small ducts, tubules of salivary, pancreas, and kidneys

139
Q

What are the areas pointing to?

A

Collagen type 3 | Reticulin

140
Q

Type of tissue found in the umbilical cord?

A

Mucoid Connectie Tissue

141
Q

Initial tissue, referred to as the Mother of All tissue.

A

mesenchyme

142
Q

type of epithelia with a single layer of elongated nuclei

A

simple columnar

143
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelia found?

A

Found on absorptive surfaces such as small intestine

144
Q

Type of epithelia with two or more layers

A

Stratified epithelium

145
Q

How do you determine the type of stratified epithelia?

A

The type is determined by the top layer

146
Q

Main function of stratified epithelia?

A

Protective function

147
Q

Type of epithelia that is the strongest protection against abrasion

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

148
Q

where is non keratinized stratified squamous found?

A

Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anal,Cervix, Vaginal canals

149
Q

Type pf epithelia that the tongue is made of

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

150
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Found in the lining of sweat gland in the skin

151
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Present in the lining of large excretory ducts of exocrine glands

152
Q

Type of epithelium found in the respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified (columnar) epithelium

153
Q

Motile cilia is called

A

Kinocilia

154
Q

Non-motile cilia is called

A

Stereocilia

155
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

A

Bladder, 1/2 urethra

156
Q

Where can the dome/umbrella cells be found?

A

Transitional epithelium

157
Q

Structures found on the apical surface of epithelia

A

Microvilli
Kinocilia
Stereocilia

158
Q

Structure found on the lateral surface of epithelia

A

Cell junctions Zo, Za, Ma

159
Q

Structure found on the basal surface of epithelia

A

Hemidesmosome
Basal Lamina

160
Q

Epithelium of small intestine and tubules in kidney have a (1) which consists of 3000 microvili per cell

A

Brush Border

161
Q

Core of each microvillus

A

Microfilaments

162
Q

What motor protein allows for kinocilia to bend?

A

Dynein

163
Q

Syndrome from absence of dynein

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

164
Q

The terminal bar consists of

A

Cell junction and gap junction

165
Q

What are Zo/Za/Ma main function?

A

to seal the intercellular spaces and hold the cells tightly together

166
Q

Which tight junction forms a collar around each cell

A

Zo

167
Q

What’s the transmembrane protein that helps stitch the cell membranes tightly together?

A

Claudin

168
Q

Which tight junction provide anchorage spots for the cytoskeleton?

A

Za and Ma

169
Q

What is each connexon made of?

A

6 connexins

170
Q

Functions of gap junction

A
  1. control the growth, development, and cell differentation
  2. Electrical coupling for visceral and cardiac cells
171
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

Facilitate adhesion of epithelium to basement membrane

172
Q

The basal lamina consists of 4 cell structures:

A

Type 4 collagen
Laminin
Entactin
Proteoglycan (PG)

173
Q

Glandular epithelium with ducts is?

A

Exocrine Glands

174
Q

Glandular epithelium without ducts is?

A

Endocrine Glands

175
Q

Exocrine gland that is most common mechanism of secretion

A

Merocrine (eccrine) secretion

176
Q

Exocrine gland that has the cells burst open

A

Holocrine secretion

177
Q

Exocrine gland that is mainly a mammary gland, where the pinched off portion of cell is secreted

A

Apocrine secretion

178
Q

What cell is unicellular, and it’s main. purpose is the synthesis and secretion of mucous?

A

Goblet Cell

179
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal tracts

180
Q

Mesothelium is also called

A

simple squamous epithelium

181
Q

T/F
Type II collagen is the most common type of collagen found in the Human body.

A

False

182
Q

T/F
Fibrocytes are inactive fibroblasts.

A

True

183
Q

T/F
If the inactivation peptides are cleaved, the procollagen molecule can never be incorporated in the collagen fiber.

A

False

184
Q

T/F
Osteoclasts (cells that degrade bone matrix) are similar to fibroblasts in function.

A

False

185
Q

T/F
Wharton’s jelly is another name for Mucoid CT.

A

True

186
Q

T/F
Sulfated GAGs have a strong water-binding property.

A

True

187
Q

T/F
Type I collagen production is different from other proteins in that it does not go through Golgi body.

A

False

188
Q

T/F
Plasma cells are matured B-lymphocytes.

A

True

189
Q

T/F
Dermis is a type of connective tissue.

A

True

190
Q

T/F
Connective tissue acts like a medium for transport of nutrients to other tissues.

A

True

191
Q

T/F
Procollagen modification by hydroxylation and glycosylation happens in the rough ER.

A

True

192
Q

T/F
The typical light-dark banding is only seen on Type I collagen.

A

True

193
Q

T/F
Fibroblasts are needed to initiate an inflammatory response.

A

False

194
Q

T/F
Loose CT lacks collagen fibers, and is only made of ground substance and cells.

A

False

195
Q

T/F
Mast cells granules are actually inclusion bodies produced by the cell.

A

False

196
Q

T/F
Aortic aneurysm is the deposition of plaque inside the Aorta.

A

False

197
Q

T/F
Reticular connective tissue has regenerative properties, hence utilized in research.

A

False

198
Q

T/F
The extracellular matrix is made of cells and ground substance.

A

False

199
Q

T/F
Mast cells originate in the bone marrow with other blood cells.

A

True

200
Q

T/F
Fibroblast is the most common cell type of the CT.

A

True

201
Q

T/F
Fibrillin forms a scaffold required for the formation of healthy Elastic fibers.

A

True

202
Q

T/F
Macrophages have the ability to clean up the debris of self and foreign cells.

A

True

203
Q

T/F
Macrophages are generally inactive and hence carry a pachychromatic nucleus.

A

False

204
Q

T/F
Reticulin is a type of Collagen.

A

True

205
Q

T/F
Hemidesmosomes are partial Zonula adherens junctions.

A

False

206
Q

T/F
n a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, all cells are attached to the basement membrane.

A

True

207
Q

T/F
Epithelium can carry our absorption and secretions.

A

True

208
Q

T/F
Epithelial tissue has blood vasculature that supplies it with nutrients.

A

False

209
Q

T/F
Cells of the simple cuboidal epithelium that are found in renal tubules that carry urine, are connected to each other by excess cell junctions.

A

True

210
Q

T/F
Goblet cells are secretory in nature.

A

True

211
Q

T/F
Epithelium is the only tissue without a basement membrane.

A

False

212
Q

T/F
Macula Adherens is also called as Desmosomes.

A

True

213
Q

T/F
Collectively, all cell junctions are called Terminal Web.

A

False

214
Q

T/F
Goblet cells are tall like the surrounding columnar cells and can reach the free surface of the epithelium.

A

True

215
Q

T/F
Microvilli are covered with glycocalyx but Kinocilia are not.

A

True

216
Q

T/F
Transitional epithelium is also called as mesothelium.

A

False

217
Q

T/F
Microvilli and Cilia both are supported by actin protein.

A

False

218
Q

T/F

Gap junctions play in important role in Juxtacrine signaling where cell have to be in direct physical contact to interact/ exchange.

A

True

219
Q

T/F
The web of actin that supports the microvilli is called as Terminal Bar.

A

True

220
Q

T/F
Holocrine secretion involves break down of the cells of the gland that secretes.

A

True

221
Q

T/F
Claudin proteins forms the ZO junction.

A

True

222
Q

T/F
Transitional epithelium is found in the stomach which is distended when you consume food filling the stomach lumen.

A

False

223
Q

T/F
Epithelial tissue are of lining and glandular types.

A

True

224
Q

T/F
Kinocilia are non-motile structures meant for binding to odorants in the olfactory epithelium.

A

False

225
Q

T/F
Terminal web is made of actin protein.

A

True

226
Q

T/F
Epithelium is a free flow layer because it is highly permeable.

A

False

227
Q

T/F
The non-keratinized epithelial cells are dead cells.

A

False

228
Q

T/F
Blood vessels have a lining epithelium of simple columnar type.

A

False

229
Q

T/F
Zonula Occludens are also called as Connexons.

A

False

230
Q

T/F
Eccrine secretion involves chunks/ parts of the cell breaking off to be a part of the secretion.

A

False

231
Q

T/F
Stereocilia can carry our water/ liquid absorption.

A

True

232
Q

T/F
Simple squamous epithelium of the heart is called endothelium.

A

True

233
Q

T/F
Simple squamous epithelium makes a really good filtration barrier in the kidney filtration units.

A

True

234
Q

T/F
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is generally only 2 layers in thickness.

A

True

235
Q

T/F
Nuclear membrane is a single layer made up of Reticulin A, B and C.

A

False

236
Q

T/F
Nucleoproteins are required for DNA packaging and synthesis of DNA/RNA.

A

True

237
Q

T/F
Telomeres are not found on all chromosomes.

A

False

238
Q

T/F
A Leptochromatic nucleus is a typical feature of a highly inactive/ dormant cell.

A

False

239
Q

T/F
Regardless of the cell shape, the nucleus is always rounded.

A

False

240
Q

T/F
Trisomy 18 is an example of Aneuploidy.

A

True

241
Q

T/F
Hematoxylin dye is basic and it is bluish- purple in color. Given the nature of this dye, ribosomes would stain purple.

A

True

242
Q

T/F
A Pachychromatic nucleus contains higher proportions of Heterochromatin.

A

True

Histo (11 decks)

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