Endocrine

Question 1

A number of glands can signal each other in sequence called…

Answer 1

Axis

Question 2

What is the master gland

Answer 2

Pituitary gland/ hypophysis

Question 3

The pituitary gland is subdivided into ANT and POST, what is the cell origin of each?

Answer 3

ANT- Epithelial
POST- Nervous

Question 4

What are the names of the ANT and POST divisions of the hypophysis gland?

Answer 4

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

Question 5

What types of cells are found in the adenohypophysis?

Answer 5

Chromophils (acidophil and basophil)
Chromophobes

Question 6

What hormone does Acidophils (from ANT lobe of pituitary) secret? And what do they do?

Answer 6

Growth Hormone (GH) Growth plates
Prolactin (LTH) mammary gland acini

Question 7

What hormone does Basophil (from ANT lobe of pituitary) secret? And what do they do?

Answer 7

Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and lipotropic hormone (LPH)

Question 8

What are Chromophobe cells?

Answer 8

Non-secreting, dormant cells that proliferate into chromophils

Question 9

What are Chromophobe cells?

Answer 9

Non-secreting, dormant cells that proliferate into chromophils of the anterior pituitary gland

Question 10

What is the axis of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)

Answer 10

Simulates acidophils to produce GH

Question 11

What is the axis of Dopamine?

Answer 11

Inhibits acidophils producing prolactin.

Question 12

What is the axis of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 12

Stimulates basophils to secret TSH

Question 13

What is the axis of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 13

Stimulates basophils to secret FSH and LH

Question 14

What is the axis of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Answer 14

Stimulates basophils to secret ACTH and LPH

Question 15

What do pituicytes do?

Answer 15

Regulate secretion from nerve cells of neurohypophysis

Question 16

Unmyelinated nerve fibers of the Neurohypophysis are derived from neuro secretory cells of the Supraoptic and Paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. What do they secret?

Answer 16

Paraventricular nucleus- oxytocin
Supraoptic nucleus- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Accumulating hormone bound granules are stored near axon terminals in what?

Answer 17

Herring bodies

Question 18

What is the fluid inside follicles of the thyroid gland called?

Answer 18

Colloid

Question 19

Follicles of the thyroid gland have a single cuboidal epithelial layers that are the only cell able to absorb what molecule?

Answer 19

Iodine

Question 20

What is found in the follicles of the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

Thyroglobulin, enzymes, T3 and T4, Iodine

Question 21

Follicular cells are also known as…

Answer 21

principal cells

Question 22

Explain the regulation of thyroid hormone production.

Answer 22

T3 and T4 concentration in blood is monitored. If levels are low, hypothalamus releases TRH, triggering TSH released from pituitary. This will trigger release of T3 and T4 by thyroid follicle cells. This will increase metabolic rate of body cells and raise body temperature.
Via negative feedback, elevated T3 and T4 levels inhibit release of TRH and TSH from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Question 23

Name the cells of the thyroid gland

Answer 23

Follicular cells
Para follicular cells

Question 24

What do parafollicular cells secret and what does it do?

Answer 24

Calcitonin- suppresses bone reabsorption (Ca+ regulation)
by increasing osteoblast activity and decreasing osteoclast activity

Question 25

What does the parathyroid gland secrete? And what does it do?

Answer 25

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates Ca+ and Phosphate levels in the blood. (counter acts parafollicular cells of thyroid)

Question 26

What types of cells are found in the parathyroid gland?

Answer 26

Chief/principal cells (active) Oxyphil cells (inactive) Adipose cells

Question 27

Name the layers (Sup-Deep) of the Adrenal cortex

Answer 27

Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis

Question 28

What does the zona glomerulosa secret?

Answer 28

Aldosterone

Question 29

What does zona fasciculata secret?

Answer 29

Glucocorticoids (like cortisone/corticosterone)

Question 30

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 30

Sex hormones (androgen and estrogen)

Question 31

What is another word for zona fasciculata?

Answer 31

Spongiocytes due to their foamy appearance

Question 32

What are the cells of the adrenal medulla and what do they secret?

Answer 32

Chromaffin cells Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 33

What does the pineal gland secret?

Answer 33

Melatonin

Question 34

What are the cells of the pineal gland?

Answer 34

Pinealocytes Glial cells

Question 35

What types of cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 35

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells Epsilon cells Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

Question 36

What do Alpha cells secret? And what does it do?

Answer 36

Glucagon - responds to low glucose levels in the blood

Question 37

What do Beta cells secret? And what does it do?

Answer 37

Insulin - Responds when glucose levels in the blood are too high

Question 38

What do Delta cells secret? And what does it do?

Answer 38

Somatostatin - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

Question 39

What do Epsilon cells secret? And what does it do?

Answer 39

Ghrelin - stimulates hunger

Question 40

What do PP cells secret? And what does it do?

Answer 40

Pancreatic polypeptide - satiety