Exam 2: Female Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
MC condition regarding vulva
A
Inflammation
2
Q
Vulvitis can be due to ___, a form of eczema
A
Allergic contact dermatitis
3
Q
Vulvitis can also be due to infections, which include
A
HPV HSV2 N gonorrhea C albicans Syphilis
4
Q
Candyloma acuminatum due to what infections
A
HPV6
HPV11
5
Q
Obstruction/ dilation of Bartholin gland
A
Bartholin cyst
6
Q
Bartholin cysts develop ___ and can result in ___ if infected
A
Quickly
Bartholin abscess
7
Q
No cancer risk and develops following chronic irritation
A
Lichen simplex chronicus
8
Q
MC in ages 8-60 (bimodal) and 5% chance of developing SCC
A
Lichen Sclerosus
9
Q
Smooth, white, near labia Minora
A
Lichen sclerosus
10
Q
Wart-like structure
A
Condyloma
11
Q
Condylomata acuminata
A
HPV 6 and 11
12
Q
Condylomata lata
A
Secondary syphilis
13
Q
90% SCC, lymphatic Mets, >60 yo describes
A
Valvular carcinoma
14
Q
HPV related SCC
A
HPV 16 and 18
Valvular intraepithelial neoplasia
Middle Aged, smoker, immunodeficiency
15
Q
Non HPV related SCC
A
Older women
Lichen Sclerosus
16
Q
MC valvular carcinoma
A
Non HPV related SCC
17
Q
Leukorrhea, pain, itching all describe
A
Vaginitis
18
Q
MC cancers that Mets to vagina
A
Colorectal
Cervical
19
Q
Primary vaginal cancer
A
SCC
20
Q
Vaginal SCC MC in ___ and involves ___
A
Elderly
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
21
Q
Rare vaginal cancer observed in daughters whose mothers took DES
A
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
22
Q
Rare vaginal cancer with polyploid mass, observed in young girls
Form of rhabdomyosarcoma
A
Sarcoma botryoides
23
Q
MC benign and can cause leukorrhea, bleeding, fever, pain
A
Cervicitis
24
Q
Infections that can cause cervicitis
A
Chlamydia (MC) Trichomoniasis Candidiasis Gonorrhea Herpes HPV
25
Non-infectious cervicitis
Acute = postpartum
Chronic = reproductive aged women
26
Chronic non-infectious cervicitis is due to
Fluctuating estrogen levels
27
High risk HPVs for cervical cancer
HPV 16 and 18
28
Most HPV infections are transient and involve
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
29
CIN koilocytosis characteristics
Anaplasia
Enlarged nuclei
Irregular borders
Darker staining
30
CIN MC age age
30
31
Low grade (CIN1) care plan
Observation
60% regress
10% progress
32
High grade (CIN 2 and 3) care plan
Excision
30% regress
10% cancer
33
Acetic acid test is used for
Cervix cancer diagnosis
34
All invasive carcinoma of cervix come from
HPV infection
35
MC invasive carcinoma of cervix
SCC (75%)
Adenocarcinoma 20%
Carcinoid 5%
36
Invasive carcinoma of cervix MC diagnosed age
45
37
Cervical cancer MC in women who
Lack screening
38
MC cause of death in cervical cancer patients
Renal failure
39
10% of cervical cancer Mets if size is
>3mm
40
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease caused by
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
TB
41
Endometritis can be caused by __ or __
PID
Retained products
42
Retained products that can cause endometritis
Conception
Abortion
IUD
43
Extrauterine endometrium
Endometriosis
44
Endometriosis freq
10% reproductive aged women
45
1/2 of all female infertility due to
Endometriosis
46
Endometriosis symptoms
```
Dysmenorrhea
Dysuria
Pelvic pain
Painful BMs
Painful intercourse
```
47
Locations for endometriosis
```
Ovaries
Peritoneum
Pouch of Douglas
Uterine ligaments
Fallopian tubes
```
48
“Chocolate cyst” a sign of
Endometriosis
49
3 theories of endometriosis
Regurgitation
Metaplasia
Benign Mets (vascular or lymphatic)
50
Menorrhagia
Profuse/prolonged menstruation
51
Metrorrhagia
Irregular, between periods
| Spotting
52
Anovulatory cycle
Inadequate luteal phase
Retained endometrium
Extremes of reproductive life
53
Overgrowth of endometrial cells due to high estrogen or failed ovulation
Endometrial hyperplasia
54
3-50% transform into carcinoma
Endometrial cancer
55
MC female genital tract cancer
Endometrial carcinoma
56
Endometrial carcinoma affects ages ___
55-65
57
Signs of endometrial carcinoma
Enlarged uterus
Leukorrhea
Metrorrhagia
58
Types of endometrial carcinoma
Endometrioid (80%)
Serous (15%)
59
Endometrioid cancer involves ___ and occurs ___
Endometrial hyperplasia
| Perimenopausal
60
Endometrioid can be due to
```
High estrogens
Diabetes
Lynch syndrome
HTN
Infertility
```
61
Serous endometrial carcinoma
Endometrial atrophy
TP53 mutations
Aggressive
62
High estrogen levels can be due to
Obesity
PCOS
Hormone replacement therapy
63
Endometrial polyps are MC
Perimenopausal
64
___ can cause abnormal uterine bleeding and be a cancer risk
Endometrial polyps
65
Benign smooth muscle tumor that occurs in reproductive aged women, AA, and due to high estrogen levels
Leiomyoma
66
Solitary malignant smooth muscle tumor that occurs postmenopausal
Leiomyosarcoma
67
Leiomyosarcoma Mets MC to
Lungs
5 year survival 40%
68
Freq of leiomyoma
30-50% reproductive aged women
69
___ has lymphatic Mets but has a good prognosis
Endometrial carcinoma
70
Salpingitis can be due to
```
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Strep
Staph
PID
Sepsis
Ectopic pregnancy
Endometriosis
Tumor
```
71
Salpingitis is risk for
Ectopic pregnancy
| Sterility
72
Signs of salpingitis
Fever
Abdominal pain
Pelvic mass
73
Adenocarcinoma MC on fimbriae
Fallopian tube carcinoma
74
___ invades peritoneal cavity
Fallopian tube carcinoma
75
Fallopian tube carcinoma due to what mutations
TP53
BRCA1
BRCA2
76
Ovarian cyst
Serous-filled cysts usually 1-4 cm
77
Ovarian cysts usually form from
Graafian or ruptured follicles
78
Larger ovarian cysts are at a risk for rupture and can cause
Acute abdomen
79
Multiple cystic follicles that can enlarge to 2X size
PCOS
80
___ can have cigar-shaped nuclei
Leiomyosarcoma
81
Up to 15% of reproductive aged women affected with
PCOS
82
___ and ___ are familial
Ovarian cysts
PCOS
83
PCOS associated with ___ and insulin resistance
Obesity
84
Signs of PCOS
High androgens, estrogens, and LH
Low FSH
Hirsutism
Obesity
85
PCOS can cause oligomenorrhea or
Infertility
86
5th MC cause of ca related deaths
Ovarian tumors
87
Risks for ovarian tumors
>20 yo
Nulliparity/ low parity
Family history BRCA1 or 2
88
Oral contraception decreases risk of ___
Ovarian tumors
89
Surface epithelial tumors can be ___ or ___ and represent 90% of ovarian cancers
Benign 75%
Malignant 25%
90
Gravidity
Number of times a female has been pregnant
91
Parity
Number of pregnancies carried to viable gestational age
92
BEAT signs of ovarian tumors
Bloated sensation
Eating difficulty
Abdominal pain
Trouble with GI or GU
93
Teratomas of ovarian tumors originate from
Germ cell tissue
94
Serous tumors and endometrioid tumors originate from
Surface epithelial cells
95
20% ovarian tumors and calcification is common, aiding in imaging
Ovarian teratomas
96
Teratomas MC age
25
97
Younger age at diagnosis of ovarian teratomas
Increases cancer risk
98
MC surface epithelial tumor of ovary
Serous tumor
99
Freq and age groups of benign and malignant serous tumors of ovary
60% benign , 30-40 yo
| 25% malignant, 45-65 yo
100
Serous tumors can be large and are 25%
Bilateral
101
Malignant serous tumors represent __ of all ovarian cancers and have a __ prognosis
60%
Poor
102
Endometrioid tumors are MC
Malignant, 30% bilateral
103
___ associated with endometrial CA and endometriosis
Endometrioid tumors
104
If endometrioid tumor is solid....
Increased CA risk
105
Cancer of GI tract that has spread to ovaries
Krukenberg tumor
106
Signet-ring cells are characteristic of
Krukenberg tumors
107
Rare tumor that represents 2% of all ovarian tumors
Krukenberg tumor
108
80% are bilateral and Mets via lymphatics, with MC age ___
Krukenberg tumor
45 yo
109
MC placental infection
Ascending
110
Ascending placental infection
MC from premature rupture of membranes
Neutrophils and edema
111
Ascending placental infections MC from
Bacteria
112
Transplacental infection caused by
```
Toxoplasmosis
Other (TB, HIV, T Pallidum, P falciparum)
Rubella
CMV
HSV
```
113
90% of ectopic pregnancies are
Tubal
114
1% of all pregnancies
Ectopic pregnancy
115
Ectopic pregnancy usually ruptures in first trimester and signs include
Acute abdominal pain (salpingitis)
Hemorrhage
Shock
Infertility
116
Group of tumors resulting from abdominal fertilization
Gestational trophoblastic Disease
117
Gestational trophoblastic disease mimics ___ and produces increased levels of ___
Early pregnancies
Increased hCG
118
3 types of gestational trophoblastic disease
Hydatidiform mole
Invasive mole
Choriocarcinoma
119
Benign, cystic, “grape-like” mass
Hydatidiform mole
120
Complete hydatidiform mole
2 sperm, no fetal parts
Risk for invasive mole
121
Partial hydatidiform mole
1 egg and 1 sperm
| Early fetal parts
122
Invasive mole
Benign, but locally invasive
From complete moles
Possible hemorrhage
123
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant
Severe uterine bleeding
Extreme HCG bleeding
50% from complete mole, 25% from pregnancy, 25% from abortion
124
Which gestational trophoblastic disease is cancerous
Choriocarcinoma
125
What percentage of all lumps in the breast are cancerous
10%
126
Choriocarcinoma Mc Mets to to
Lungs
| “Cannonball Mets”
127
Toxemia of pregnancy
Preeclampsia
128
Diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia
HTN (>20 wks gestation)
Proteinuria
Edema in face or periphery
129
Involves endothelial dysfunction, MC in 3rd trimester
Preeclampsia
130
Risks and freq of preeclampsia
Risk = 1st pregnancy, >35 yo
5-10% all pregnancies
131
Primigravida
1st pregnancy
132
Signs of preeclampsia
```
Pitting edema
Proteinuria
Pulmonary edema
Thrombosis
RBC damage
Low platelets
Convulsions/seizures
```
133
Marked by onset of seizures and possible coma
Eclampsia
134
10% of cases of eclampsia develop HELLP syndrome, which consists of
Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets
135
Breast lesions MC ___
Benign
136
Breast abnormalities
Supernumerary nipple (5% population)
Inverted nipple
Galactocele
137
Galactocele
Obstructed mammary gland duct
138
40% of breast “lumps” are
Fibrocystic changes
139
Fibrocystic changes MC in what quadrant
Superolateral
140
__ decreases risk of fibrocystic changes
Oral contraception
141
Menstrual hormonal fluctuations common with ____, which commonly occurs in reproductive aged females
Fibrocystic changes
142
2 categories of fibrocystic changes
Nonproliferative
Proliferative
