Final: Blood Cell Disorders Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Location of Hematopoiesis in children
A
Tibia
Femur
2
Q
Location of hematopoiesis in adults
A
Pelvis Cranium Vertebral bodies Sternum Ribs
3
Q
Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in
A
Spleen
Liver
Lymph nodes
Thymus
4
Q
Hemolysis
A
Rupture of RBC releases hemoglobin
5
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
Red marrow
Increase erythropoiesis results in hyperplasia of RBC stem cells
6
Q
Reticulocytes
A
Mature after 1 day
7
Q
Anemia freq in men and women
A
4% men
8% women
8
Q
Types of anemia
A
Blood loss
Increase RBC destruction
Decrease RBC production
9
Q
Hypoxia stimulates release of ____ which affects what organ
A
EPO
Renal fibroblasts
10
Q
Signs of anemia
A
Pallor Fatigue Weakness Cachexia Osseous abnormalities
11
Q
Signs of hemolytic anemia
A
Jaundice
Gallstones
12
Q
GI or gynecological issues that increase blood loss to external environment result in
A
Hemorrhagic anemia
13
Q
RBC appearance in anemia of blood loss
A
Normocytic
Normochromic
14
Q
3 days into anemia of blood loss, ___ is observed
A
Hemodilution
15
Q
7 days after anemia of blood loss, ___ observed
A
Reticulocytosis
16
Q
Major concern with anemia of blood loss
A
Hypovolemic shock
17
Q
In hemolytic anemia, iron is ___ and ___
A
Retained
Recycled
18
Q
Hemolytic anemia stimulates
A
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
19
Q
2 mains reasons for hemolytic anemia
A
Intracorpuscular defects
Extracorpuscular defects
20
Q
Intracorpuscular defects are
A
Hereditary
21
Q
Extracorpuscular defects are
A
Acquired
22
Q
Intravascular hemolysis results in
A
Hemoglobinuria
23
Q
Extravascular hemolysis results in
A
Hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice
Gallstones
Splenomegaly
24
Q
Gallstones aka
A
Cholelithiasis
25
Freq of gallstones
20% US adults
26
Most gallstones are ___
Asymptomatic
27
Biliary tree obstruction from gallstone can result in
Biliary colic (RUQ)
28
Cholecystitis refers Pain where
RUQ
| R scapular region
29
Risks for gallstones
```
Age
History
Obesity
Diabetes
Hemolytic anemia
Estrogen
```
30
General term for abnormal shaped RBCs
Poikilocyte
31
Irregularly shaped RBCs from hemolysis
Schistocyte
32
Teardrop shaped RBC
Dacroctye
33
7 hemolytic anemia
1. Hereditary spherocytosis
2. Sickle cell anemia
3. Thalassemia
4. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
5. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
6. Traumatic
7. Malaria
34
Autosomal dominant membrane defect that results in spherocytes removed by spleen
Hereditary spherocytosis
35
Hereditary spherocytosis results in ___ anemia and ____
Mild
Extravascular hemolysis
36
Signs of hereditary spherocytosis
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Gallstones
37
If someone with hereditary spherocytosis is infected with parvovirus B19...
Aplastic crisis
38
Treatment for hereditary spherocytosis
Partial splenectomy
39
Sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive
| Beta-globin mutation
40
Heterozygous sickle cell trait
8% African Americans
Not affected
41
Homozygous sickle cell trait
Sickle cell anima
1 in 600 African Americans
42
Sickling occurs during ___, which can occur in
Stasis
Marrow and spleen
Infection
Dehydration
43
Sickle cell anemia common in areas of
Endemic malaria
44
Sickle cell anemia lethal due to
Acute chest syndrome
| Stroke
45
Possible sites in body of congestion
```
Marrow (MC)
Spleen
Liver
Kidneys
Retina
Brain
Lungs
Skin
```
46
H-shaped vertebra (aka Lincoln log vertebrae) characteristic of
Sickle cell anemia
47
10% of sickle cell anemia patients have
H shaped vertebra
48
Thalassemia is autosomal ___ and has mutated ___ or ____
Recessive
Alpha or beta globin genes
49
Thalassemia is MC in what area
Endemic malaria
Mediterranean
50
Beta thalassemia causes low ___
Erythropoiesis
51
Beta thalassemia minor
1 allele
Subtle hemolysis
Very mild
52
Beta thalassemia major
2 alleles
Severe anemia
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Splenomegaly
Stunted growth
53
RBC appearances in thalassemia minor
Microcytic and hypochromic
54
Treatment for beta thalassemia major
Repeated transfusions and iron chelation
55
Treatment for beta thalassemia major results in
Extension of life into 20s
56
Beta thalassemia major patients die from
Lethal dilated cardiomyopathy
57
Radiographic appearances for beta thalassemia major
Hair on end
Lace like trabeculation
58
Chipmunk facies are observed in
Beta thalassemia major
59
Antioxidant that protects RBCs from oxidative stress
Glutathione (GSH)
60
___ needed to make GSH
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
61
G6PD deficiency
Low GSH
Older RBCs susceptible to oxidative stress
62
G6PD deficiency MC observed in
Males (x linked)
63
Histological signs of G6PD
Bite cells
| Heinz bodies
64
Traumatic hemolysis is due to ____ and results in
Excessive mechanical forces
Schistocytes
65
Schistocytes aka
Burr cells
| Helmet cells
66
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia observed in
Traumatic hemolysis
67
Malaria caused by
Plasmodium falciparum (protozoan)
68
Malaria MC in
Asia and Africa
69
___ infect liver cells
Sporozoites
70
___ infect RBCs
Merozoites
71
___ infect mosquitos
Gametocytes
72
In malaria, merozoite showers every
48 hours
73
Cerebral malaria
Seizures
Convulsions
Coma
Death
Lethal within days
74
2 nutritional deficiencies
Iron deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
75
World’s MC nutritional deficiency
Iron
76
MC cause of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
77
Iron deficiency freq
10% pop in developed
25-50% in developing
78
Iron transported by
Transferrin
79
Iron deficiency anemia due to ___ in developing nations
Low dietary intake
80
Iron deficiency anemia due to ___ in developed nations
Chronic blood loss
- GI
- gynecological
81
Pica craving with iron deficiency anemia
Ice
82
Fingernail ____ observed in iron deficiency anemia
Spooning
83
Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
Low serum ferritin
High EPO
84
GI tract chronic blood loss can be due to
```
Ulcers
Polyps
Colon ca
Hemorrhoids
IBD
```
85
Female genital tract chronic blood loss can be due to
Leiomyoma
| Leiomyosarcoma
86
Mechanism of nail clubbing
Altered vascular structure to distal segment of finger
Hypoxia may trigger vasodilation to this area
87
Megaloblastic anemia can be due to what 2 deficiencies
Folate
| B12
88
Folate and B12 required for ___ synthesis
DNA
89
Macrocytes appearance
Macrocytic
| Hyperchromic
90
MC populations to have folate deficiency anemia
Elderly
Alcoholics
Celiac disease
Pregnancy
91
Diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia
Macrocytes in peripheral blood
Low serum folate
92
Symptoms of folate deficiency anemia
Fatigue
Weakness
Sore tongue
93
Vit B12 deficiency anemia aka
Pernicious anemia
94
B12 needed for DNA synthesis and for maintenance of ____ and ___
PNS
Spinal cord
95
Dietary deficiency of ___ very rare, only observed in strict vegans
B12
96
B12 deficiency anemia MC from
Chronic malabsorption
Autoimmune gastritis (elderly)
Following gastrectomy
97
Features of b12 deficiency anemia
```
Fatigue
Pallor
Weakness
Demyelination of PNS and CNS
Numbness, tingling, burning
Decrease proprioception and ataxia
```
98
Diagnosis of b12 deficiency anemia
Macrocytes
Low serum b12 and normal folate
99
Leukocytes produced in ____ and make up ___ of blood volume
Marrow
1%
100
High WBCs
Leukocytosis
101
Low WBCs
Leukopenia
102
Common causes of leukocytosis
Inflammation
Infection
Leukemia
Lymphoma
103
Common causes of leukopenia
AIDS
| Corticosteroids
104
3 granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
105
2 agranulocytes
Monocytes
| Lymphocytes
106
WBCs cancers make up ___ of adult ca deaths
10%
107
WBCs cancer makes up ___ of childhood cancer death
40%
108
Mono caused by
Epstein Barr virus
HHV4
109
Signs of mono
```
Fever
Pharyngitis
Fatigue
Lymphadenitis
Splenomegaly
```
110
Irregular lymphocytes in mono
Aka Downey cells
Oval, irregular
Nucleus is folded, indented
111
Mono MC in ages ___
16-20
112
3 types of neoplastic proliferations of WBCs
Lymphoid neoplasms
Myeloid neoplasms
Histiocytic neoplasms
113
3 types of lymphoid neoplasms
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
114
3 types of myeloid neoplasms
1. Acute myelogenous leukemia
2. Myelodysplastic syndromes
3. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
115
Main type of histiocytic neoplasms
Langerhans Cell histiocytosis
116
Hodgkin Lymphoma is not very
Aggressive
117
Cancer of plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
118
Prognosis of nonhodgkin lymphomas
Not good
| Very aggressive
