Exam 2: Males Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Abnormal urethral orifice risk for
A
Risk for obstruction or UTI
2
Q
Abnormal urethral orifice affects
A
1 in 300
3
Q
Hypospadias
A
Ventral (MC)
4
Q
Epispadias
A
Dorsal
5
Q
Epispadias is less common but more
A
Severe
6
Q
Epispadias is associated with
A
Bladder exstrophy
7
Q
Smegma combined with poor hygiene can lead to
A
Inflammation
Pain
Infection
8
Q
Phimosis
A
Inability to retract prepuce
9
Q
Balanoposthitis
A
Prepuce inflammation
10
Q
Balanitis
A
Glans penis inflammation
11
Q
Paraphimosis
A
Entrapment behind coronal sulcus
12
Q
Most penile neoplasms are
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
13
Q
Risks for penile neoplasms
A
>40 yo Uncircumcised Smoking Poor hygiene HPV16 and 18 AIDS
14
Q
Bowen disease
A
In situ SCC
Solitary
10% invasive
15
Q
Invasive SCC
A
Gray Crusted Hardened Irregular boarders Raised or ulcerated
16
Q
Prognosis of invasive SCC
A
Lymphatic Mets
<30% 5 year survival
17
Q
Scrotum cancer is ___, but MC is
A
Rare
SCC
18
Q
Hydrocele
A
Increase serous fluid in tunica vaginalis
19
Q
MC cause of scrotal enlargement
A
Hydrocele
20
Q
Chylocele
A
Increase in lymph, due to filariasis
21
Q
Hematocele
A
Increase in blood
22
Q
Carriers of W. Bancrofti
A
Flies
Mosquitoes
Arthropoda
23
Q
Cryptorchidism
A
Failure of testicle to descend
MC idiopathic
24
Q
MC position for cryptorchidism
A
High scrotal
25
Cryptorchidism can cause __ and __ by age 5 years old
Atrophy and sterility
26
___ is a 3-5X risk for testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
27
Testicular atrophy can be from
```
Ischemia
Trauma
High estrogens
Irradiation
Chemo therapy
```
28
Inflammation of testis
Orchitis
29
Inflammation of epididymis
Epididymitis
MC unilateral
30
Diagnosis of cryptorchidism
1 year after birth
31
___ causes 20% of orchitis in adults
Mumps
32
Inflammation of testes and epididymis commonly begins as __ and spreads via
UTI
Vas deferens or lymphatics
33
Testicular torsion
Spermatic cord twisting, obstructing venous drainage
34
___ is urologic emergency
Testicular torsion
35
Testicular torsion MC in
Ages 12-18
Bell-clapper deformity
36
1/3 of testicular torsion ___, but some may need surgical repair if
Spontaneously resolve
Unresolved within 6 hours
37
Varicocele
Enlarged pampiniform venous plexus of scrotum
38
Testicular torsion is usually ___ and can lead to ischemia
Unilateral
39
Varicocele is considered a ___, which can indicate
Malignancy
Testicular or renal cell carcinoma
40
Testicular neoplasms MC cancer in what group
Males 15-35
41
Lethality of testicular ca
5% lethal
42
Risks for testicular ca
Family history
Cryptorchidism
Caucasians
Gonadal dysgenesis
43
Brother with testicular ca increases your risk by
8-10X
Cancer in contralateral testicle
44
10% of cases of cryptorchidism progress to
Testicular ca
45
When serous fluid accumulates in tunica vaginalis
Hydrocele
46
Who is most likely to develop testicular torsion
Adolescents
47
Sex cord-stromal tumors
Benign
From serotoli or Leydig cells
48
Leydig cells produce ___
Testosterone
49
Germ cell tumors are __ and are from ___
Malignant
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (in situ)
50
95% of postpubertal testicular tumors
Germ cell tumors
51
2 main types of testicular germ cell tumors
Seminomas
Nonseminomatous
52
Peak patient ages for seminoma
30-40
53
10% of patients with seminoma have elevated
HCG
54
2 most aggressive testicular GCT
Embryonal carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
55
Teratomas are different in that they affect what age?
All ages
56
100% of patients with choriocarcinoma have elevated
HCG
57
90% of patients with yolk sac tumor have elevated
AFP
58
Peak patient age for yolk sac tumor
3
59
50% of all GCTs
Seminomas
60
Soft, gray-white, well demarcated mass with large and uniform cells and round nuclei
Seminomas
61
4 types of nonseminomatous GCTs
1. Embryonal carcinoma
2. Choriocarcinoma
3. Yolk sac tumor
4. Teratoma
62
Invasive, anaplastic, indistinct borders with no tumor marker
Embryonal carcinoma
63
Seminomas Mets via
Lymphatics (late mets)
64
Nonseminomatous GCTs mets via ___ or ___ to what locations?
Lymphatics or hematogenous mets
To liver or lungs
65
Features of testicular cancer
Painless testicular mass
Non-translucent
Blood in semen
Dull achy pain in groin/abdomen
66
Urologist specializes in
Male and female urinary tract
Reproductive system of males
67
Carcinomas of prostate MC found in
Peripheral zone
68
Hyperplasia of prostate MC found in
Transitional zone
69
10% of prostatitis is due to
Bacterial infection
70
MC uropathogen to cause prostatitis
E. coli
71
Symptoms of prostatitis
```
LBP
Pelvic pain
Dysuria
Fever
Chills
Tender DRE
```
72
Most prostatitis due to
Chronic non bacterial
Aka prostatodynia or chronic pelvic pain syndrome
73
Prostatitis can be from infections of what type/location
Blood
Lymph
Urethral/bladder
Rectum
74
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia occurs in what location
Transitional zone
75
BPH is idiopathic, but growth may be dependent on what
Androgen-dependent growth (dihydrotestosteorne)
76
Onset of BPH
>40 yo
90% of males are >70 yo
77
10% of BPH cases are symptomatic, which include
Lower UT
Increase frequency to urinate
Nocturia
78
Nodules are well-circumscribed in
BPH
79
Potential consequences of TURP
Incontinence
| ED
80
1/3 of all male cancer diagnoses
Prostate carcinoma
81
2nd MC cause of cancer-related death in males
Prostate carcinoma
82
Prostate cancer is a form of
Adenocarcinoma
83
Risk factors for prostate carcinoma
>50 yo (MC age 65-75)
High androgens
Caucasian
African Americans
84
Cancer of prostate is MC to develop at which location
Peripheral zone
85
Osteoblasts mets to spine describes
Prostate cancer
86
Malignancies that mets to bone, MC the spine
```
Breast
Lung
Thyroid
Kidney
Prostate
```
(BLT Kosher Pickle)
87
Hydronephrosis
Dilation of renal pelvis/calyces
- blocks urine
- atrophy and decrease in function
88
Acquired hydronephrosis due to
Stone
BPH
Prostate ca
89
Renal calculus aka
Kidney stone
90
Renal calculus MC made of
Calcium oxalate
91
All men ages 55-69 should be screened for prostate cancer via PSA test
False
92
Congenital hydronephrosis is MC and due to ___ and MC in ___
Atresia
Male infants
93
Risks for kidney stones
```
Males
Family history
Dehydration
UTIs
Low vitamin A
Gout
```
94
Staghorn calculus
Upper urinary tract stone
95
Renal calculus causes __ pain
Flank (refers to groin)
96
Staghorn calculi made up of
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
97
Renal colic
Usually unilateral intense pain due to kidney stone slowly traveling down ureter
98
Deficiency in vitamin A
Kidney stones
Bitot spots
99
Vitamin A toxicity
```
Vomiting
Weight loss
Arthritis
HA
Dizziness
Diplopia
```
100
Urinary bladder diverticulum
Invagination of bladder wall
MC acquired
MC small and asymptomatic
Infection risk
101
Urinary bladder cystitis
Inflammation of urinary bladder due to E. coli (MC)
Suprapubic pain, dysuria, painful sea
102
Freq of bladder cancer
7% men
3% all cancer-related death
103
90% of bladder cancer
Urothelial carcinoma
104
5% bladder cancer
SCC (due to schistosomiasis infections)
105
Risks for bladder cancer
```
Age 50-80
Bladder irritation
Smoking
Urban environments
Occupational carcinogens
```
106
Risks for cystitis
```
E. Coli infection
Female
Sex
Reduced outflow
Dementia
```
107
Bladder cancer is NOT ___ but involves acquired ___ or __ mutations
Familial
TP53 or RB mutations
108
2 types of urothelial carcinoma in situ
Papillon papillary carcinoma
Flat noninvasive carcinoma
109
2 types of invasive urothelial carcinoma
Invasive papillary carcinoma
Flat invasive carcinoma
110
____ decreases risk of progression and recurrence of bladder cancer
Smoking cessation
