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2025 Nutrition > Exam 2: Lecture 17 - Dairy nutrition 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 17 - Dairy nutrition 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 basic rules of dairy production

A
  1. make more milk
  2. reduce costs (as long as it doesnt interfere with #1)
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2
Q

what is the average BW of a holstein cow

A

about 1350 lbs

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3
Q

during peak lactation, how much DM/d does a holstein cow consume

A

3.7% of BW, about 50lbs DM/d

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4
Q

what does TMR stand for

A

total mixed ration

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5
Q

what does TMR usually contain

A

corn silage, hay, ground corn, soybean meal, other by-product feeds, minerals and vitamins

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of milking systems

A

portable milkers, barn milking system, milking parlors

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7
Q

describe when a portable milker is used

A

less than 20 cows, at shows, sick animals, or field animals

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8
Q

describe when a barn milking system is used

A

if cows are tied in the barn, 1 station per 2 cows

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9
Q

what are the 5 types of milking parlors

A

herringbone, swingover, rapid exit parallel, rotary, robotic (automatic)

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10
Q

describe what a herringbone milking parlor is

A

milk machine in middle with 2 rows of cows on each side and central pit for workers

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11
Q

describe what a SwingOver milking parlor is

A

one set on milkers, swing from one side to the other

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12
Q

describe what a rapid exit parallel milking parlor is

A

all cows exit both sides at once with a fast reloading

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13
Q

describe what a rotary milking parlor is

A

cows step on when stall is available, milked while it turns around

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14
Q

describe what a robotic (automatic) milking parlor is

A

feed to lure cows in, milked up to 3x a day

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15
Q

what is the typical like of a day 0 (calve)

A

heifers calve (freshen) at 2 years of age

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16
Q

describe days 0-120 of a dairy cow

A

open (non-pregnant), lactating

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17
Q

describe days 120-400 of a dairy cow

A

pregnant 280 days (nine months), lactates until day 340

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18
Q

describe day 340 of a dairy cow

A

lactation ends (dry-off) 60 days before next calving

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19
Q

what is the dry period of a dairy cow and when are they usually sold

A

dry period = 60 days

usually sold after 3-5 lactations

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20
Q

what is heat detection rate (HDR)

A

of cows bred divided by # eligible to breed over 21-d period

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21
Q

what is pregnancy rate (PR)

A

of cows pregnant divided by # eligible to get pregnant over 21-d

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22
Q

What do HDR + PR affect

A

calving interval and days open

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23
Q

what is the calving interval

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A

about 400 days or 13.2 months

24
Q

what does day open mean and what is the national average

Study These Flashcards
A

time from calving until conception

avg = 166 days

25
The goal of days open is to have __1__ cows bred by ___2___ days in milk (DIM)
1. 75% 2. 150 days
26
what is the days to first service
minimum # days from calving to 1st service
27
what is the ideal and common amount of days to first service
ideal = 45-60 days commonly = 90-100 days
28
how many services/conceptions are there usually
2
29
in peak lactation, how much DM is the typical holstein cow consuming? A. 2.5% of bw B. 3.2% of bw C. 3.7% of bw D. 4.1% of bw
C. 3.7% of body weight
30
when does lactation end post calving
around day 340 post calving
31
how much peak milk production is there during lactation
30-150 DIM
32
what are the effects of peak milk production
peak and daily yield affect by breed, nutrition, season of year
33
T/F: High producing animals peak later in the lactation curve compared to lower-producing animals
true!!
34
what are the types of confinement dairies
1. stanchion barns 2. free stall + parlor 3. dry lot + parlor 4. compost-bedded pack barn + parlor
35
what are the pasture based systems
1. intensive grazing 2. intensive grazing and seasonal breeding 3. permanent pasture and supplemental feeding
36
what does intensive grazing system look like
graze 6-7 months of the year, confinement for 5-6 months, feed savings, and milk is highly variable due to changing forage quality
37
what is the challenge of a grazing + supplemental feeding system
variation in forage quality
38
what does a grazing + seasonal breeding system look like
focus breed into 2-3 calves so calves born in late winter to early spring match forage availability to nutrient needs (peak lactation occurs during peak forage) lower feeding costs
39
what is the TYPICAL calving interval for a diary cow? A. 12.2 months B. 12.8 months C. 13.2 months D. 13.8 months
C. 13.2 months (about 400 days)
40
what type of feed do we use in a confinement dairy feeding system
1. hay and grain 2. component feeding (corn silage, grain mix, hay) 3. Total mixed ration (TMR)
41
T/F: a cow can consume enough forage to meet her energy and other nutrient needs during a lactation
FALSE!! they CANT so you need a concentrate mix to provide energy, additional protein, minerals, and vitamins
42
concentrates (grains) should always be limited to no more than _________ of the ration. Why??
60% because more than 60% of grain leads to pH issues in rumen b/c lack of rumination, alter rumen VFAs, and decreased milk fat
43
T/F: the issue with hay and grain feeding is consuming enough nutrients depends on the cow eating enough of both hay and grain
TRUE
44
what are the 2 strategies of component feeding
1. feed forage before grain 2. feed grain (energy) + protein + vitamin/mineral mixture
45
how long before offering grain should we feed forage for a component feeding
feed forage 30 mins to 1.5 hours before offering grain mixture
46
what carbs are rapidly fermented in the rumen
barley and corn
47
what carbs are slow fermentable in the rumen
citrus pulp and beet pulp
48
describe how we do TMR feeding
weighing and blending all components into a complete ration to meet nutrient requirements
49
what are the benefits of TMR feeding
1. each bite in nutritionally balanced 2. reduced sorting of feed 3. can easily measure DMI 4. larger selection of feeds can be used 5. cows fed TMR tend to produce more milk
50
what are feed refusals called
Orts.... lol
51
high producing cows unable to meet energy requirements in _____1_____ from diet alone. Why??
1. early lactation because DMI is limiting factor
52
NDF should be no less than __1__ and most should come from ____2____
1. no less than 30% 2. come from forage
53
for protein and feeding dairy cows, what is important to remember
need rumen degradable and undegradable protein
54
As peak milk is reached, bw ______1_____ because body fat is being used for ___2__
1. decreases 2. milk energy
55
what are the #s for a dairy BCS chart
1-5
56
what is the limit on grain inclusion in a ration for dairy cows? A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%
B. 60%

2025 Nutrition (34 decks)

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