Exam 3: Lecture 26: Sheep nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
How would you describe sheep grazing?
A
selective grazers
2
Q
Sheep maintenance requirements are usually met by ?
A
average pasture or hay
3
Q
Feed is _____% of costs of sheep production
A
50-70%
4
Q
How is feed strategy determined for sheep
A
production phase
5
Q
For sheep, which vitamins are adequate for rumen synthesis and which supplement should be supplemented
A
Adequate rumen synthesis of Vitamind A and K
Supplement Vitamin E
6
Q
Which micro-nutrients are important for sheep?
A
I
Se
Cu
Co
7
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- lambs with ewes in pens, weaned after 30-45 days
A
total confinment
8
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- lambs spend 30 days on pasture with ewes, then weaned and confined
- meat production sheep
A
semi-confinment
9
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- weed live on rang/pasture, lamb in shelters
A
range/pasture production with lambing shelters
10
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- ewes live and lamb on range/pasture
A
Range/pasture production with no buildings
11
Q
Many comerical sheep are ?
A
cross-bred
12
Q
What is the benefit of Cross-bred sheep for meat production
A
- gain weight rapildy
-produce lean, muscular carcass
13
Q
What type of sheep operation does the following define?
- commercial white fced ewes bred with suffolk, hampshore, dorest, southdown, or shropshire ram (terminal sire)
- resulting sheep have black faces, excellant carcass quality
- wool is discounted because poor quality
A
Cross-bred commercial sheep for meat prduction
14
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- Use dry lots or small pens with slatted floors
- allows utilization of small spaces, produce more lambs in limited area
= usually associated with accelerated lambing programs
A
total confinement
15
Q
For total confinement they are usually associated with accelerated lambing programs (lambing more than once a year)
- Ewes are bred every 6 months
- What breed of sheep are used because they lamb year around
A
Dorset ewes
16
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- lambs spend about 30-45 days on pasture with ewes then weaned and confined for growing/finishin
A
semi-confinment
17
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- increases success for out of season or early lambing and allows for intervention and treatment of ewes and lambs
- lamb in “drop pens”
A
rang/pasture production with lambing shelters
18
Q
define drop pens in range/pasture production with lambing shelters
A
able to hold several ewes at one time
- should be able to house 10% of flock
19
Q
What type of sheep production system is defined as
- food readily available
- okay when temperature are above 45F
- colder = problems
- tends to have less dystocia due to an increase in exercise
A
Range/pasture lambing
20
Q
Which milk sheep breed is known for
- highest milk-producing breed
- very docile
- not hardy
- good for cheese production
A
East Friesian
21
Q
What is the range for milk production in sheep?
A
0.75 to 2.0 lbs milk / day
22
Q
Wean lambs after ___ days, milk ewes twice daily
A
3 days
23
Q
Lambs nurse for _____ days, ewes milked once daily
A
30 days
24
Q
How long is lacation for sheep
A
around 100 days
25
What is the ideal BCS for sheep
BCS 3
26
Where would you palpate the sheep for BCS scoring
feel muscling and fat cover over and around vertebrae in loin region - spinous and transverse process
27
What is the BCS scale for sheep
1 - emaciated
2 - thin
3 - average
4 - fat
5 - obese
28
How should ewes be fed?
according to weight changes
29
Normal for ewe to lose _____% BW during lactation, recover during post-weaning, and gain weight during gestation
5-7%
30
In ewes, too much weight loss and weight gain back to back can lead to ?
pregnancy toxemia
31
Nutritional (energy + protein) are easily met by pasture once lambs are ______
weaned
32
In sheep, what should always be supplemented
- Need salt
- trace minerals
- adequate water
33
What is important for care of ewes
parasite control is important
34
Normal DMI for ewes is around?
around 1.7% BW
35
Normal CP for ewes at 150lbs is?
9.5%
36
this technique can be done in the practice of increasing feed intake of ewes prior to and during breeding
flushing
37
Flushing increases ovulation rate and lambing rate around _______%
10-20%
38
Besides flushing, what can be done to help increase breeding in ewes
turn ewes onto lush, high quality pasture or supplementary 1/4 to 1/2 lbs grain/ head / day
39
Flushing / breeding ewes raises BCS to ?
3 to 3.5
40
When is respone best for flushing in ewes
strongest and best response early or late in breeding season and with mature ewes
41
Which type of sheep have poor/little response to flushing
- poor in fat ewes
- little response in ewes lamb/ yearlings
42
In sheep, flush ____ weeks before and 2 weeks after introduction of ram
4 weeks
43
When is response to flushing not as high for ewes / lambs / yearlings
response not as high when ovulation naturaly at highest ir in lambs/ yearlings that havent previously lambed
44
How long is gestation is sheep?
around 5 months
45
If ewes are at poor weight, what can be said about the lambs
- lighter lambs with decrease energy energy resivor
- unever birth weights in twins
46
When should ewes nutritional requirement be only slightly elevated above maintenance
early to mid-gestation
- during the first 15 weeks
47
When does 70% of fetal growth occur in ewes
late gestation
48
During gestation for ewes when is what is the most critical time
last 6 weeks
(late gestation)
49
Nutritional influences lamb develop and ewe lactation
- **limited ability of the liver to process mobilized fat. This may cause?**
**pregnancy toxemia**
50
Which breed of ewes have higher requirements during gestation
short ewes
51
What is the best technique to determine the number of fetuses and ration adjustments
ultrasound
52
What is DMI and CP for ewes in gestation
DMI: 2.6% BW
CP: 10.5-11.5%
53
During lactation high energy requirements are needed
- Sheep milk is 17% solids, 30% fat, 25% protein (DM basis) and Ca and sugars.
How much does energy requirements increase compared to maintenance
energy requirements 3x maintenance
54
During lacation, you should feed the ewe according the the number of lambs. Produce _____% more milk with multiple lambs
20-40%
55
When does milk peak after parturition - negative energy balance
2-3 weeks
56
______ intake is critical for lactation ewes
protein
- need more and high quality protein
57
Ewes on pasture during lactation will likley need to be supplemented?
grain
58
Milk meets needs of lambs up to ____ days of age
30 days
59
What is DMI and CP of ewes during lactation
DMI: around 3.5 to 4.5 BW
CP: 13-15%
60
How many pounds of hay / day should be given to 150 lb ewe
3-4 lbs hay
61
What values would you use to calculate feeding for a 150 lb ewe during flushing/breeding
Hay + 0.5 - 1 lb grain (30 days)
62
What values would you use to calculate feeding for a 150 lb ewe during late gestation
4.5 lbs hay + 0.5-1 lb grain
63
What values would you use to calculate feeding of a 150 lb ewe with a single lamb
5 lbs hay + 1 lb grain
64
What values would you use to calculate feeding for a 150 lb ewe with twin lambs
5 lbs hay 2 lbs grain
65
What nutritional problem / disease can occur in sheep due to energy metabolism in ewes carrying multiple fetuses
pregnancy toxemia
66
What are the 7 nutritional problems that can be seen in sheep
- pregnancy toxemia
- overfed fat ewes
- hypothermia in newborn lambs
- iron deficiency in housed lambs
- copper toxicity / poisioning
- casterated male lambs (weathers) susceptible to urolithiasis
- enterotoxemia in growing lambs
67
Pregnancy toxemia in ewes can also be described as?
- pregnancy disease
- twin lamb disease
- ketosis
68
**Improperly fed ewes during late gestation**
- energy needs increase by almost ____% from early to late gestation for a single lamb
25%
69
Problems are more common in under-conditioned or over-conditioned ewes
- Liver increases ________ to meet glucose demands of fetus(es)
gluconeogenesis
70
Problem are more common in underconditioned or over conditioned ewes
- _______ mobilization increases
fat mobilization increase
- may overwhelm the livers capacity and result in heptatic lipidosis + ketons (problems with excess ketones)
71
Symptoms in ewes with pregnancy toxemia include?
- decreased appetitie
- more time laying down
- aimless walking
- muscle twitching
- recumbency
- death
72
Triglycerides have a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails. Which is used to make glucose and which is used for energy
- Glycerol back bone = glucose
- 3 fatty acid tails = energy
73
Hypthermia is a issue for newborn lambs in the winter. How does this happen?
- **high skin surface;mass ratio, so lose heat quickly**
- little fat reserves
74
How can we help lambs with hypothermia
- need to nurse early
- vigorously to generate body heat
75
Nursing lambs has a early need for ?
energy
76
Nursing lambs need which vitamin because **50% of energy intake is from fat**
vitamin E
77
______ deficiency is common in housed lambs
iron deficiency
78
What is creep feeding in lambs and how is it accomplished?
- begin consuming more feed at 3-4 weeks old - essential for rumen development
- 16-20% CP
- TDN 72%
- Ca:P 2:1
79
______ aids in rumen development for lambs
grain
80
Which disease is described as:
- accidental administration of excessive amounts of soluble copper salts in the form of anthelminitic drenches, mineral mixes, or improperly formulated rations
acute copper toxicity / poisioning
20-100 mg Cu/kg
81
Which disease is described as:
- develops when excessive copper consumed over long periods of time
- toxocosis subclinical until copper stored in liver is released
Primary chronic copper toxicity / poisoning
3.5 mg / kg
82
Which disease is described as:
- Phytogenous poisoning ingestions of plants causing mineral imbalances
- excessive copper retention
- due to plants
Secondary chronic copper toxicity / poisoning
83
______ is not needed as supplement because their body is good at storing
copper
84
Toxocosis subclinical until copper stored in liver is released
- Stress causes massive dumps (transport / weather)
What effects does this cause?
- liver enzyme increases
- blood copper increases
- intramuscular hemolysis
85
What is the copper requirement for sheep
5 mL/kg or 5 ppm
86
Another term for water belly in sheep is?
Urolithiasis
87
Where is Urolithiasis common
wethers
88
Urolithiasis is common in wethers
- Effects of casteration at early age in sheep include?
loss of hormone influence on the penis and urethra development
89
Urolithiasis is common in wethers.
- This is due to feeding high grain diets with low Ca:P or high ______
Mg
90
Low Ca: P ration is wethers can lead to?
Struvite Uroliths
91
Uroliths can become lodged in the sigmoid flexure and urethral process, this causes?
Irritation = inflammation = swelling = **water belly**
92
Mineral composition of water or lack of water can cause?
Urolithiasis (water belly)
93
Normal Growing/finishing lambs weight is?
45-80 lbs
94
Does the following define a growing or finishing lambs?
- 45-80 labs
- gaining 0.5 to 0.8 lbs/day
- DMI: 2.5 - 3.5 %
- TDN: 73-78%
- CP: 14-16%
growing lambs
95
Does the following define a growing or finishing lambs?
- Final weight of 110-140 lbs
- finishing ration = high energy
- DMI: 3-4%
- gaining 1.0 lb/day
- around 10% forage
Finishing lambs
96
What risk are common in finishing lambs
- enterotoxemia
- urinary calculi
- clostridium perfinges - thrives on sugar + stratch = high grai = so some reach the LI
- excessive growth of clostridium = toxins
97
Important consideration of growing / finishing lambs include?
- vaccination
- adequate Ca: P ratio
- free choice salt and mineral
- urinary acidifier
- Plenty of water
