Exam 3: Lecture 24: Pig nutrition 1 Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
What is defined as:
- young female pigs approaching breeding age
A
gilt
2
Q
What is defined as:
- mature female pig
A
sow
3
Q
What is defined as:
- male pig casterated before puberty
A
barrow
4
Q
What is defined as:
- male pig casterated after puberty
A
stag
5
Q
What is defined as:
- sexually mature male pig
A
boar
6
Q
What does DDGS stand for?
A
distillers dried grains with solubles
7
Q
What does ADG stand for?
A
Average daily gain
8
Q
Define efficiency of gain
A
pounds of BW gain / 1 lb of feed consumed
9
Q
Define feed efficiency
A
pounds of feed consumed / 1 lb of BW gain
10
Q
How would you describe the stomach of pigs?
A
monogastric animals
- similar to humans
11
Q
Genetic progress has driven changes in nutrient requirements for growing pigs and finishing pigs.
- Nutrition represents ______% of the total cost of pork production
- ______ ______ is used on commercial farms
A
- 60-75%
- phase farming
12
Q
How is energy requirements generally met in swine?
A
corn
13
Q
For swine, do we focus on amino acid requirements or crude protein requirements?
A
pigs have an amino acid requirement rather than specific crude protein requirements
- because they are monogastrics
14
Q
Qaulity of protein is important for swine diets. What are the two important nutrients we focus on?
A
- lysine
- methonine
15
Q
_____ are often used a supplement for swine operations
A
fats
16
Q
Common use which specific feed additives are used in feeder pigs?
A
partioning agents
- affects lean vs fat deposition
17
Q
How many litters per year do sows produce
A
2.5 litters / year
18
Q
Pigs can utilize waste products from human food industry. provide some examples
A
- bread
- cold potatoes
- poor quality grain
19
Q
What are the 3 main things that important to keep in mind for careful management of pigs
A
- shelter
- protect from disease
- protect from parasites
20
Q
Management of pig waste handling (like showed in this image) can be used for?
A
Tanks / digestors for waste
- Legumes for waste: treat + spray on fields
- Duplin county, NC has 2.35 million pigs
- pigs in 5 NC counties produce 15.5 million tons of manure / yr
21
Q
What do the areas in red represent
A
Areas in the US highest in swine production
- based on pig sales
22
Q
What are the top 3 counties for hog and pig sales
A
- Duplin, NC
- Sampson, NC
- Sioux, IA
23
Q
What type of production is the swine industry
A
vertical integration
24
Q
What is vertical integration
A
company ownes most / all aspects of production
25
What are the 5 segments of the swine industry
- grain
- farms
- breeding stock
- meat processing
- distribution to consumers
26
Is Land and buildings owned by the farmer or company in swine operations under vertical integration
farmer
27
Do companies or farmers grow and finish animals in swine operations since they are vertical integration systems
companies
28
What are the 3 types of swine operations
- pet pigs
- purebred
- commercial operations
29
What is defined as:
- less than 1% of producers
- **produce foundation stock for commerical production**
purebred
30
What is defined as:
- all stages of commercial swine production
- 270 to 285 pounds
farrow to finish
31
What is defined as:
- nursery + growing pigs
- 40 to 50 pound feeder pigs then sold
farrow to feeder
32
What is defined as:
- finish pigs
- buy at 40-50 pounds to finish to market weight
feeder to finish
33
What is defined as:
- nursery pigs
- 10 to 15 pigs @ about 3 weeks old
farrow to wean
34
What is defined as:
- combined growth / finish
- purchase, weaned, pigs to finished
Wean to finish
35
What are the 3 types of housing systems used in swine operations
- pasture managed
- combination pasture and low cost housing
- high investment totoal confinment
36
What type of housing operation in swine production is defined as CAFO
high investment total confinment
37
What term is used for a male pig casterated after puberty
- gilt
- boar
- barrow
- stag
Stag
38
Fiber digestability increases as the pig matures, but they need to utilize ______ at early stage of maturity
forages
39
What are the advantages of pasture managed / pastured pork
- niche market
- exercise / activity
- natural behaviors
40
What are the disadvantages of pasture managed / pastured pork
- rooting behavior = soil eroision
- parasites
- sunburn / light skin animals
41
What type of pastures plants are used for pastured pork
- alfalfa, red clover, white clover, Timothy, kentucky bluegrass, and smooth bromegrass
Perennial
42
______ pasture plants are used for pastured pork
- oats, wheat, barley, rye, and soybean
Annual
43
How many sow/acre are recommended for pastured pork
4-6 sows / acre
44
How many growing pigs/acre are recommended for pastured pork
10-12 growing pigs / acre
45
What type of swine production system utilizes group-housing for growing / finishing pigs and gestation / farrowing crates for sows
total confinment management
46
Total confinement management is example of a _____
CAFO
47
What is defined as:
- High level of mechanization to reduce labor requirements
- high investment in buildings and equipment - uses very little land
- high level of management needed
- high degree of control over feeding operation
- stringent disease and parasite control programs
Total confinement management
48
What are the 3 main phases of feeding in swine operations
- nursery pigs
- feeder pigs (growing)
- finishing
49
What are the 6 phases of feeding in swine operation
- nursery pigs
- feeder pigs (growing)
- finishing
- gilts (limit fed to avoid rapid weight gain during gestation)
- gelting sows (limit fed to control weight gain)
- lactating sows (corn, SBM, diets with 2-4% for additional energy)
50
What is the most common method of swine production
farrow-to-finish
51
Farrow to finish pig production involves what types of phase feedings?
- gestating sows
- lactating sows
- early weaned pigs
- growing (feeder) pigs
- finishing pigs
52
How would investment be defined for farrow to finish pig production
- low for pasture system
- high for confinement systems and facilities
- Labor, management and investment requirements vary considerbly
53
Which phase diet is described below for phase feeding in nursery pigs?
- Fed to pigs from weaning at 12 lbs to 15 lbs BW
- considerations: weaned pigs easily digest lactose, but limited ability to digest plant proteins and utilize fat
- gradually increase levels of SBM in nursery diets - start at 16-18% of diet
phase 1 diet
54
Which phase diet is described below for phase feeding in nursery pigs?
- fed to pigs from 15 to 25 lbs BW
- based on grain and SBM (20-24% of deit)
-also include fish meal, enzyme-treated SBM, less lactose from whey, can start 1-3% fat
phase 2 diet
55
Which phase diet is described below for phase feeding in nursery pigs?
- fed to pigs from 25-50lbs BW
- based on grain and SBM only, fat at 1-3% fat
phase 3 diet
56
weaned pigs can easily dogest lactose, but limited ability to digest?
plant proteins and utilize fat
57
newely weaned pigs have hypersensitivity reactions to _______ (carbs + proteins that can be allergenic)
- 7 to 10 days on diet = increase tolerance to the deit
soybean meal
58
producers who have herds of breeding sows (where higher producing herds are required) will sell feeder pigs to growes or what other type of operation
growing / finishing operations
59
What is the overall goals of feeder (growing) pig production
raise uniform groups of feeder pigs for sale
60
What type of pig production is described as:
- Health problems must be prevented or carefully treated.
- Farrowing needs to be scheduled to have a steady supply of feeder pigs for sale.
- requires less total feed
feeder (growing) pig production
61
What type of pig production is described as:
- pigs raised to maket weight
- possible to feed pigs on pasture or with limited facilities
- most pigs are grow and finished in confinment systems
- requires higher investment to purchase pigs
grow/finish operations
62
What are the advantages of grow/finish swine operations
- well adapted to producers who have large amounts of grain for feed
- requires less labor
63
What are the disadvantages of grow/finish swine operations?
- health problems
- variation in market prices
64
Why are multiple diets fed to growing/ finishing pigs based on feed budgets or weight ranges to very closley meet nutrient requirements?
- **nutrient requirements decrease over the course of the growing-finishing period**
- match lysine to energy requirements
65
**Which phases of phase feeding are most common in growing-finishing swine operations?**
**3 or 4-phase diets**
66
______ to energy requirements are important in growing-finshing pigs
lysine
67
At which weight are pigs usually weaned
- 5-10lbs
- 10-15lbs
- 15-20lbs
- 20-25lbs
10-15lbs
