Exam 2 - Regions of the Vertebral Column (Atypical Cervical)

Question 1

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

Answer 1

longus colli

Question 2

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

Answer 2

Backward Upward Medial

BUM

Question 3

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

Answer 3

Backward Downward Medial

BDM

Question 4

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

Answer 4

levator scaupula
splenius cervicis
rectus capitis anterior

Question 5

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

Answer 5

males - about 50mm

females - about 37mm

Question 6

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 6

rectus capitis posterior minor muscles

ligamentum nuchae

Question 7

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

Answer 7

about 7 years old

Question 8

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

Answer 8

arcuate foramen

retroarticular canal

Question 9

Ponticulus posticus are observed in what ethnic populations?

Answer 9

all ethnic populations studied thus far

Question 10

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

Answer 10

1-41%

Question 11

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticuulus posticus?

Answer 11

female

Question 12

What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 12

“inferior vertebral notch”

attachment site of the posterior atlanto-axial ligament

Question 13

What is the location of the zygaphophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

Answer 13

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

Question 14

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

Answer 14

rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
middle scalene
levator scapula
splenius cervicis
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior
intertransversarii muscles

Question 15

What suboccipital muscles are know to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

Answer 15

rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis inferior

Question 16

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

Answer 16

myodural bridges

Question 17

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

Answer 17

lateral mass

transverse process of atlas

Question 18

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

Answer 18

retrotransverse foramen

Question 19

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

Answer 19

the vertebral artery
brach from the suboccipital nerve
veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

Question 20

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numberous?

Answer 20

ponticulus posticus

Question 21

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

Answer 21

lateral bridges

Question 22

What What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

Answer 22

vertebral artery
vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

Question 23

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

Answer 23

males - 78mm

females - 72mm

Question 24

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

Answer 24

a little over 30mm for both genders

Question 25

How many synoivial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

Answer 25

5

Question 26

What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

Answer 26

two superior articular facets two inferior articular facets fovea dentis

Question 27

What names are given to C2?

Answer 27

axis | epistropheus

Question 28

How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

Answer 28

five

Question 29

What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

Answer 29

facet for fovea dentis groove for transverse atlantal ligament two attachment sites for alar ligaments attachment site for the apical dental ligament

Question 30

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

Answer 30

lordotic dens

Question 31

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

Answer 31

kyphotic dens

Question 32

How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 32

five

Question 33

What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 33

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphasis

Question 34

how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 34

ten

Question 35

What attaches to the lamina of C2?

Answer 35

obliquus capitis inferior muscle posterior atlanto-axial ligament ligamentum flavum

Question 36

What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?

Answer 36

Backward Upward Lateral | BUL

Question 37

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

Answer 37

Forward Lateral Down | FoLD

Question 38

What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?

Answer 38

longissimus cervicis

Question 39

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

Answer 39

male - 57mm | female - 50mm

Question 40

What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

Answer 40

levator scapulae middle scalene splenius cervicis longissimus cervics and intertransversarii

Question 41

What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?

Answer 41

bifid

Question 42

What is the location for palpation of the spinous process of C2?

Answer 42

in the midline, 2 in below the external occipital protuberance

Question 43

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

Answer 43

``` rectus capitis posterior major obliquus capitis inferior spinalis cervicis semispinalis cervicis multifidis rotators interspinalis muscles ```

Question 44

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?

Answer 44

ligamentum nuchae | interspinous ligaments

Question 45

What names may be given to C7?

Answer 45

``` vertebra prominens (unique to C7) vertebral prominence ```

Question 46

What name is given only to C7?

Answer 46

vertebra prominens

Question 47

In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?

Answer 47

men - 86% | women - 79%

Question 48

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming vertebral prominence?

Answer 48

C6 is more common in females | T1 is more common in males

Question 49

What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 49

the anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim cancellous bone

Question 50

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 50

eight

Question 51

What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 51

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint

Question 52

How many synoivial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 52

2

Question 53

What muscles attaches to the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 53

longus colli muscle

Question 54

wHAT MUSCLES ATTACH TO THE transerse process of C7?

Answer 54

``` middle scalene iliocostalis thoracis longissimus cervicis semispinalis capitis rotators intertransversarii levator costarum brevis ```

Question 55

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?

Answer 55

Backward Upward Medial | BUM

Question 56

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

Answer 56

Forward Medial Downward | ForMeD

Question 57

What muscles wil attach to the spinous process of C7?

Answer 57

``` trapezius rhomboid minor serratus posterior superior splenius capitis spinalis capitis spinalis cervicis semispinalis thoracis multifidis rotators interspinalis ```

Question 58

What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?

Answer 58

longissimus cervicis longissimus capitis semispinalis cervicis multifidis