Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Bioarchaeology
A
- Scientific study of human remains from archaeological sties
- Started at 1980s
- Rarely concern about issues of MNI / NISP
- Concern with whether human remains constitute a burial population
> A set of human burials that come from a limited region and a limited time period. More limited the region and time period = more accurate the inferences - Can study a range of issues including:
1. Subsistence: means of supporting life, in particular by obtaining food
> Acquisition, distribution, and production of food
2. Nutrition
3. Occupational stress
4. Biological profile of populations
5. Mobility (migration and interaction)
6. Cultural practices: burial, body modification - e.g. Stillwater Burials and the local Indian community
2
Q
Age, sex and stature
A
- Age: determined by teeth; error factors > 5-yr age classes; difficult to pin down individual with age over 50
> Young individuals: pattern + timing of crown formation, tooth eruption
> Age over 25: patterns of bone fusion, tooth wear, and bone wear (pubic symphysis) - Sex: use characteristics of several bones (pelvis and skull) to determine
> Narrow notches of hips = male; wider = female
> Male skulls: more robust, heavier brow ridges over eyes, larger mastoid processes, more rugged muscle attachments, squarer chins and eye orbits - Stature: estimate to track changes in the quality of diet
> Relate length of certain long bones (femur) to height
> Diff populations = diff genetic capacities for height: measure of health for population across time
3
Q
Bone isotope analysis
A
- Within the study of osteology (study of bone)
- Ratios of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone: reconstruct directory importance of various kinds of plants and animals
1. C12, C13, C14
> Plants take carbon in 3 photosynthetic pathways (C3, C4, CAM)
> C4 plants (e.g. maize) take C13 and C14 isotopes > C3 and CAM
> Measure ratio of carbon isotopes @bone collagen
> Reconstruct directory importance of certain classes of plants
> Diet rich in maize: higher ratio of C13 and C14 - C3 plants: apple, barley, grape, peas, potato, radish, sugar beet, wheat; C4 plants: maize, millet, grasses, sorghum, sugar cane
2. N14, N15
> Plants absorb nitrogen frm air / soil
> Diff ratios of N15 to N14 in various plants
> Carnivores: lose N14 thru urine, retain N15
> Marine plants: higher N15 to N14 ratio (4%) than terrestrial plants
> Hot desert soils: higher N15 to N14 ratio - e.g. Population of Stillwater VS Ontario VS Pecos
1. Stillwater: few C4 plants, mixture of plant and animal foods
2. Ontario: fish, mousse, caribous (high N15, low C13)
3. Pecos: maize (hight C13, low N15)
> Stillwater: greater range of N-values
> NO association with age/sex; product of dietary variability
3. Sr / Ca - Seafood = rich in Sr
> Therefore higher Sr ratios = higher proportion of marine foods in diet - Ratio of Sr / Ca (Calcium)
- Animals “discriminate” against Sr; plants don’t.
- Animals use more Ca
> Can look at Sr/Ca ratio to determine proportion of meat in the direct
> Can compare human bone isotopes ratios in human bones to those in carnivores to those in vegetarian animals (browsers) to see where humans fall
4
Q
Nutrition and status
A
- Nonspecific indicators of stress: nutritional deficiencies and/or nonspecific infectious disease
1. Iron deficiency anemia: lack of red meat, chronic diarrhea, parasites
> Lack of iron: inadequate transport of oxygen by red blood cells
> Diseases: porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia
2. Vitaminosis
3. Growth disruption: altered growth curves, transverse arrest lines, dental growth disruptions, juvenile osteoporosis, premature osteoporosis
> Indicators: Harris lines (form in childhood, disappear later in life), enamel hypoplasias
4. Dampened fertility and fecundity
5
Q
Porotic hyperostosis
A
- A symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the skull takes on a porous appearance
6
Q
Cribra orbitalia
A
- A symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the bone of the upper eye sockets takes on a spongy appearance
7
Q
Enamel hypoplasia
A
- Horizontal linear defects in tooth enamel indicating episodes of physiological stress
> A growth arrest feature
> Indicate childhood periods of severe disease / malnutrition
> Tell how old a child was when the growth arrest event took place - Permanent: useful measures of stress than Harris lines
8
Q
Harris lines
A
- Horizontal lines near the ends of long bones indicating episodes of physiological stress
> A growth arrest feature
> Indicate childhood periods of severe disease / malnutrition
> Form in childhood: remodel as it grows > disappear later in life
9
Q
Dental calculus
A
- Diet on food processed on grinding stones = higher rates of tooth wear
- High frequency of dental caries = diet high in simple carbohydrates and sugars
> Diff btw agriculturalists and hunter-gatherer population - Abscesses:
10
Q
Occupational stress
A
- Bones respond to routine mechanical stresses placed upon them
> Patterns of osteoarthritis (joint disorder created by loss of cartilage, often caused by mechanical stress > eburnation: sign of osteoarthritis > painful to move) and long bone cross sections
> Point to diff patterns of workload btw sexes or to changes thru time - e.g. Still water population:
> Male: osteoarthritis @hip, ankle, foot > more distant walking
> Female: osteoarthritis @ lumbar vertebrae > child rearing + food processing (plants, fish, game within short distance of camps) - Under heavy mechanical stress: more oval cross section in long bone
- Repetitive motions, or body positions can leave permanent signature on skeleton.
- Most common examples are overdeveloped muscle attachments from manual labor/strenuous exercise
- e.g. See trends in Skeletal robust city during the transition frm hunting and gathering to agriculture, across the world
- Increase in humoral and femoral robusticity, esp in women
- e.g. Ear exostosis (a hard tissue in ear that can be preserved): surfer’s” ear @mid altitude population
> Affect hearing ability
> If: found @archaeological ppl
> Suggest: spend a lot of time on diving / cold water activity
11
Q
Cranial and dental modification
A
- Cranial modification (in skull) @Tiwanaku society, Maya:
> Fronto-Occipital, Unmodified Skull, Annular - Dental modification @Saint Martin Dutch Caribbean
> Chipping, fining the upper incisors, removed
> Diff modifications > diff traditions > diff populations
12
Q
St. Johnsbury Cemetery
A
- Old Burial Ground
- History: bodies removed and placed in other places (?)
- Site in Burlington
- An estimated 375-400 burials in the Old Burial Ground
- UVM studied 144 grave shafts identified within the area of courthouse explanation (ca. 40% of cemetery)
- 45% of the 144 (n=65) had been completely exhumed
- 35% of the 144 (n=50) were only partially exhumed
- 20% of the 144 (n=29) where completely intact
1. Age (frm remains): sub-adults 53.3%, adults 46.7%
VS Age (frm gravestone data): sub-adults 39.4% (55% of sub-adults under 1.5yrs); adults 60.6%
> Why difference btw % sub-adults excavated and % represented by gravestone data
> Possible reason: bones of sub-adults are smaller > smaller grave
> Original exhumes missed more small graves, hence more were “left behind” to be discovered archaeologically
> 55% sub-adults under 1.5yrs due to early mortality (medication)
2. Average age: - Including all individuals 30.7yrs VS including only adults 49.1yrs; male adults 52.1 yrs VS female adults
> Why such a low average for all individuals? Why differences btw men and women?
13
Q
War of 1812 Burial Ground
A
-Village of Burlington, VT, ca. 1812-1815
> Downtown near lake Champlain @Military burials, camp Burlington
1. Written record: identifying the war of 1812 soldiers
2. Adopt osteological analysis
> Construct biological profiling, preservation of age features
3. Found enlistment record
> Provide death record / background info
4. Preservation of hair
- Similar large stature:
> Selectivity for larger soldiers = higher survival rate > natural selection
> Farmers (occupation of regular army soldiers farmer = 55.3%)
> Heavier, active, food production
14
Q
Australopithicines (afarensis, africanus, garhi, robustus, sediba)
A
- Pronounce sexual dimorphism: males’ size > females twice
- H1: Proportionate long arms + ape like curved fingers > tree climbing
- H2: Bipedality: broad + short pelvis, long femur neck, angled knee joints arched foot
- No definitive evidence for creation of artifacts
- Skeleton found:
> 3-4 mya: Australopithecus afarensis - “Lucy” @Hadar, Ethiopia
> 2-3 mya: Australopithecus africanus - “Taung child” @ Cradle of Humankind, South Africa; trauma on skeleton caused by intra-species violence
> 2mya: Australopithecus garhi - probable maker of early Oldowan tools. Potential ancestor for the genus Homo
> 1-2mya: Australopithecus robustus - modest brain expansion, development of massive jaws + cheek teeth
> Sediba - possible transition from btw A. Africanus and Homo
15
Q
*Lucy
A
- The partial skeleton discovered in the 1970s @ Hadar, Ethiopia
- Female, Australopithecus afarensis, ca. 3.2 mya
- Represent relatively small-bodied (appx 1m), adaptation to bipedal walking
- Shorter legs + longer arms than modern human
- Ape-sized brains, skulls with prognostic (projecting) faces
- Large dentition (incisors + canines)
16
Q
Dawn of Humanity video
A
-
17
Q
Homo naledi
A
- Human remains frm the Rising Star Cave
- Fill the gap 237-335kya (mentioned in txt bk p.92)
- Co-existing with other animals
18
Q
**Rising Star Cave system
A
- Site @Africa
- Found: Homo naledi, Sediba
- Sediba found in Rising Star Cave: ca. 2mya
- Dental calculus reveals plant phytoliths!
> Of grasses, fruits, leaves, and bark or wood fruit - Skeleton reveals bipedal, but tree climber
> Transitional species: very genius Homo sapiens
19
Q
Lee Berger
A
- An American-born South African paleoanthropologist
- Discover the Australopithecus sediba type site, Malapa in South Africa
- Leeadership of Rising Star Expedition in the excavation of Homo naledi
20
Q
Becoming Human video (part 2)
A
-
21
Q
Bipedalism
A
- Human evolutionary pathway involved combination of unique traits:
> Bipedalism: walking on 2 feet
> Invovle numerous transformations in spine, pelvis, legs, and feet
> Combine with making of stone tools + significant increase in brain size
22
Q
Sexual dimorphism
A
- Txt bk p.58
* Difference in size btw male and female of a species
23
Q
Gradualism
A
- Txt bk p.48
- A model to describe the mode and tempo by which evolutionary changes have occurred in species
- Employ in many researchers since Darwin’s time
- Rather slow and steady (gradual) accumulation of small changes over a long period of time finally produces major changes in the descendants of a species
24
Q
Punctuated equilibrium
A
- Txt bk p.48
- Another model for species change
- More recent than gradualism
- Periods of more rapid, dramatic evolution over short periods of time are separated by longer periods of little change (or stasis)
- Apply to certain periods of dramatic environmental change, during which species underwent more significant natural selection processes, followed by periods of relative environmental stability, during which less profound evolutionary changes occurred.
25
Olduvai gorge
- 100m deep, 50km long gash in Serengeti plain of northern Tanzania
- The earliest archaeological sites found with Oldowan industry
- Site worked by Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey
- Distinguish btw chopper-dominated Oldowan industry and the Developed Oldowan industry
- Beds:
1. Typical Oldowan tools (hand axes, picks, cleavers; 1.45mya)
2. Fossils of Homo ergaster/erectus + Developed Oldowan (1.35mya)
3+4. Overlying Masek beds: Acheulean + Developed Oldowan sites
5. Middle Stone Age + Later Stone Age sites
26
Hadar
- Hadar, in Ethiopian Rift Valley
- Well-preserved remains of Australopithecus afarensis
- Project began in 1970s
- Found: Lucy (60% complete), the first family (13 adults + juvenile individuals), nearly complete male skull, Oldowan artifacts (2.3mya)
- Show range of variability and sexual dimorphism of this species
27
Laetoli
- Abt 50km south of the Olduvai gorge in Tanzania
- Well-preserved remains of Australopithecus afarensis
- First explored in 1930s, and then 1970s
- Found:
1. A number of A. Afarensis fossils, ca. 3.7-3.5mya
2. A layer of volcanic ash (tuff) preserved a set of animal footprints (include 3 bipedal hominins walking in same direction)
> Fairly open grasslands (gallery forest along stream channels)
28
**Homo erectus(Asian) / ergaster (African)
- Homo ergaster = ancestor along diff evolutionary branch
> An early form of Homo erectus btw 2-1.7mya
> Homoerectus originated in Africa > Migrated to Asia
- Comparison:
> H. Ergaster: higher-domed + thinner-walled skulls, less massive faces + browridges
> More primitive / less specialized
> Study from fossils by K-Ar dating@Lake Turkana in northern Kenya
> Eastern side of lake: 2 skulls + 9 incomplete mandibles + 1 partial skeleton + some isolated limb bones; western side of lake: 1 skull + associated skeleton (The Turkana Boy)
- Probably evolved from A. garhi
- Large brains (900cc), thick skull walls, large teeth, large and forwardly projecting faces, conspicuous browridges, receding foreheads, typical human projecting nasal bones, slim body, long limbs
- 1st human species to have forwardly projecting, external nose (condense moisture), nearly hairless skin (sweating efficiently)
- 1st species to colonize hot, truly arid, highly seasonal envt in Africa (thin trunk > heat dissipation)
- Taller + heavier than earlier hominins
- No major sex dimorphism: more muted male-male competition + more lasting and mutually supportive male-female relationship
29
Turkana Boy
- Frm western side of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya
- 1 skull + associated skeleton, true human 1.62m, ca. 1.56mya (most complete skeleton from hominin lived before 130,000ya), similar to lanky herders live ard Lake Turkana today
- Originally thought he was 14 (by skeleton); determined he was about 8 (by dental determination)
- Arms relative short to legs > Commitment to life on ground
- Barrel-shaped chest over narrowed hips > Maintain chest volume + lung function
- Narrow pelvis > increase efficiency of leg muscles of bipedal mvmt; reduce volume of digestive tract (improve food quality)
- Forehead: flat + receding + descend to merge at an angle with bony brow ridge over eyes
- Nose: typical human - forward project + downwardly oriented nostrils
- Jaw contained chewing teeth larger than modern human + chinless
- Think skull wall + 900cc brain capacity (vs modern human 1400cc)
- Existence of Broca’s area in the brain
> Ability for symbolic communication
> Bigger brain requires more nutrients and energy (25% more)
> Africa provides a variety of resources
> BUT homo = easy prey for the predators > Run as daily activity
- VS more previous homo “Lucy” (bipedal but do not run much)
30
Homo neanderthalensis (European)
- Txt bk p.92
- Evolved in Europe
- Last shared common ancestor with H. sapiens
> H. heidelbergensis (600,000-500,000mya)
31
“Denisovans”
- Txt bk p.120-121
- Denisova Cave, Altai Mountains of south-central Siberia
- Found:
1. Denisovans: 1 finger bone, 2 teeth, neither Neanderthal nor modern human, ca. 40kya (later replaced by modern humans), late Homo erectus
> Occupied Central Asia
> Extended further east (contributed 4-7% DNA in living Papua-New Guineans and Australian Aborigines)
> Cross open water from Southeast Asia in middle of last glacial period
2. Neanderthal: 1 toe bone
3. Bone artifacts and ornaments made by modern humans
* Denisovans, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens all occupied Denisova cave at one time or another
32
Homo sapiens
- Migration:
- Human origins 200,000-250,000BP
- Southwest Asia 100,000BP
- Europe, Siberia 40,000BP
- North America 12,000-30,000BP
- Chile 18,000-14,500BP
- 3 possible routes: landward, coastal, oceania
33
Zhoukoutien / Peking “Man”
- Txt bk p.98-99
- Zhoukoudian = 40km southwest of Beijing, China
- Specimens: >40 individuals of both sexes and various age + quartz fragments
- Peking Man = Skull of Homo erectus frm Zhoukoudian
- Similar to the Java (Indonesian) skull
> Shelflike browridges, receding foreheads, low-domed braincases, thick, inwardly sloping skull walls
- Chinese Homo erectus: 800-400kya
- Artifacts occurrence: Homo erectus arrived China 1.6-1.3mya
34
Trinil / Java “Man”
- Txt bk p.96-97, 106-107
- Trinil, Solo River in Central Java (Indonesia)
1. Dubois’s found: complete human femur (fully modern in anatomy) @ Trinil
> Named it as Pithecanthropus erectus
> Thought it was a transitional species btw apes and humans
> Transfer to Homo erectus: no differ frm Homo sapiens as much as Dubois believed
2. GHR von Koenigswald’s found: 2nd skull of Pithecanthropus @Mojokerto
> Child died at age of 2, incipient browridges, flat, receding forehead, angular occipital region
> Similar skull like the Asian Peking Chinese Man
3. Ngandong, Solo River near Trinil
- Variant of Homo erectus
> Case 1: 53-27kya, support survival of Southeast Asian Homo erectus until replacement by modern human invaders aft 60kya
> Case 2: ca. 300kya, Southeast Asian Homo erectus on diff evolutionary track frm their European and African contenoiraries
35
Oldowan tool industry
- Ca. 2.5mya, characteristics:
1. Simple core forms (hand axes, cleavers, picks)
2. Created frm river-worn cobblers / angular blocks of stone
3. Sharp-edged, angular flakes and fragments detached from such cores
4. Often battered hammer-stones
5. Occasional retouched pieces (strike off tiny chips to reshape / sharpen the edge)
- Sites: small, low density, with fossil remains of animals; @riverine floodplain and channels, lake margins, river deltas, limestone cave
- Oldowan industrial complex divided into: chopper-dominated Oldowan industry and Developed Oldowan industry
- Developed Oldowan industry: more retouched elements (scrapers, awls), higher % of spheroid and subspheroids, small numbers of poorly made bifaces/hand axes
- Diff nature of raw materials @diff sites
- Least effort flaking strategies, w/o elaborate planning/sophisticated reduction strategies
- Species who made Oldowan tools:
> A. Garhi, A. Robustus (direct association with early stone artifacts in East and South Africa), H. Ergaster/erectus (mixed with Acheulean)
- More technology, expand direct breadth to include higher-quality foods, process with the use of tools
- Males significantly larger than females, diet on plant foods and small portion of animal foods, uncertainty in use of fire, no site modification and symbolic/ ritualistic behavior
36
Acheulian tool industry
- Ca. 1.7-1.5mya to 250kya, spanning > 1my and 3 continents
- Tools dated to 1.76mya found @Kokiselei in northern Kenya (abt the time hominins moved out of Africa and into Eurasia)
- Developed frm the Oldowan (contain Oldowan-style core forms and flakes in oldest Acheulean)
- Common tools:
1. Hand axe: large teardrops, or ovals, triangles and other forms
> Function:
A. Mate selection hypothesis: impressive emblem to attract mates by males
B. Multiple utilitarian functions
2. Bifaces: flat cobble/large flake, more or less completely flaked over both surfaces
3. Cleavers: straight, sharp guillontine-like edge opposite butt
- Variation: variable sameness, even enthusiasts as monotonous
- Early hand axes: thicker, less extensively trimmed and symmetric, <10 flake removals, deep flake scars, produced by hard (stone) hammers
- Late hand axes: equally crude, but thinner and extensively trimmed, symmetric in plan form and viewed edge-on, shallow and flat, produced by soft (wooden/bone) hammers
* Late: deliberate core preparation technique of stone flaking
= Levallois technique
> Concided w/ emergence of Homo heidelbergensis
37
***Trends in hominin evolution
| Toward the human line
- Increase in cranial capacity and related gradual loss of receding forehead
- Decrease in brow ridge
- Decrease in tooth size
- Recession of prognostic face
- Decrease in sexual dimorphism
- Increase in body size overall
- Development of external protruding nose
- Loss of body hair
38
Shanidar
-
39
Terra Amata
- Site modification by early Homo
- Terra Amaya, France, 427,000 - 364,000 B.P., Homo heidelbergensis
- Modification of space: work space > defined area activities
> Ability to stay at a place longer
- Pre-Neanderthals living on the beach
- And hunting: deer, pig
- Also evidence of scavenging elephant, rhino, bear
40
Levallois technique
- Txt bk p.96
- A method of stone flaking abt deliberate core preparation
- Practiced by late Acheuleans and their Mousterian and Middle Stone Age (MSA) ppl
41
Early humans in Asia
-
42
Homo floresiensis
- Small bodied hominin from Indonesia ca. 38,000-12,000 B.P.
- Laing Bua Cave island of Flores, eastern Indonesia
- Found: skull and partial skeleton of a diminutive individual called Laing Bua (LB), elements frm at least 2 individuals, simple fakes with pointed blades (tech convergence on Homo sapiens)
- LB: full adult, 1m, 16-29kg, endocranial capacity 417cc, long, low shape of braincase, chinless, great leant of arms relative to legs, ca. 18kya
- H1: dwarfism - descended from Homo erectus, dwarfed in response to small available living area
- H2: represent the end pt of an ancient
- H3: unknown, small-bodied lineage of Homo
> Afflicted with severe growth disorder > microcephaly
> Explain small brain
43
Lazeret Cave
- In southern France, ca. 186-127kya
- Site modification: plan of an early Middle Paleolithic floor
1. Concentrations of small shells introduced on seaweed used as bedding
2. Large rocks used as weights to support poles of a tent pitched against cave wall
3. Artifacts and bones spilling out frm btw rocks at 2 points > doorway
4. 2 roughly circular concentration of charcoal > hearths
- Stratigraphy: show occupation occurred during period where there was a greater accumulation of spalling from cave ceiling - freeze/thawing is a WINTER process.
> Seasonal estimate corroborated by faunal remains including juvenile lbex bones suggesting cave used in early to mid November
44
Klasies River mouth
- Africa, fully modern humans ca. 100,000-12,000 B.P.
- Hunting: eland, Cape buffalo, bush pig
> Time: (more @early) (half-half) (more @later)
> Hunting technology: Cape buffalo = more dangerous, bush pig = more dangerous + solitary
- Stone tools from the MSA Howiesons Poort levels @Klasies River (South Africa) dated to ca. 65,000 B.P.
> With anatomically modern humans see increase in the types of tools and an increase in standardization
45
Origins of artistic expression (where/when)
- 1st thought: Chauvet Cave, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca. 36,000BP
- 2/22/2018: Neanderthal artists made oldest-known cave paintings (Iberian cave art)
- Carbonate “crust” formed over art dated using U-Th (Uranium-Thorium) to minimum age of ca. 64,800BP
46
**Upper Paleolithic “revolution”
- Ca. 40,000-20,000BP
- Broader range of plants and animals exploited following trend seen since the appearance of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH)
- 1st appearance of art:
> 1. Chauvet, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 36,000BP
> Picture showed animals that has been extincted now
> For preservation of the original cave: Replica of Chauvet, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 36,000BP, opened in 2015
> 2. Lascaux cave, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 17,000BP
* What caused Upper Paleolithic revolution?
- Gradual change from Middle Paleolithic (no revolution at all)
- Biological change (genetic mutation) that increased brain functioning ca. 50-60kya BP resulting in fully modern humans as seen in Upper Paleolithic
- Change in social organization Increased population in small region results in territoriality. Group cohesion. Ceremonialism. Technological sharing. Increased use of Symbolism.
47
Blade technology
-
48
Archaeology of gender
-
49
ATLATL
- Spear thrower
* Main hunting weapon ca. 6,500BC-500AD in western North America
- A New World version of a spear-throwing device, used by the Aztecs and other peoples of the Americas.
- Consisted: wooden shaft to propel a spear/dart
> Functioned like an extension of the arm, providing more thrusting leverage
50
Daoxian
- China, relatively new site for archaeological work (~5 y)
- Dating with : U*Th
- Daoxian human teeth: dated flowstone coating teeth with Uranium Thorium) to btw 80-100,000 Ka
- Human teeth dated to ca. 80,000BP
* Changing interpretation: wt was thought as “the earliest” might subject to change
51
Chauvet Cave
- France, Upper Paleolithic, ca. 36,000 B.P.
| - Document artist expression, mammals, human predation
52
Lascaux Cave
- France, Upper Paleolithic, ca. 17,000 B.P.
- Cave art
- Spiritual nature of their life
- Techniques, mineral pigment, charcoal for painting
53
Dolni Vestonice
- Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic Venus Figurine, Ca. 25,000+ BP
- Assymetrical Face, made of mammoth ivory
54
Mezhirich, Ukraine
- Preserve mammoth bones: interlocking jaw bones
> Create walls with entrance and exist
- Upper Paleolithic, ca. 18ka BP
55
Portable art
-
56
Venus figurines
- Small female statuettes of the Upper Paleolithic
- Found frm southwest France to European Russia
- Sculptured in round, naked, obsess women
- Sometimes with exaggerated abdomen, breasts, and buttocks
- Made of clay, stone, antler, bone, limestone, steatite, mammoth ivory
- Ca. 30,000-15,000ya
57
Beringia
- Migrations may have occurred along coasts and across seasonal sea ice
- Beringia 18-12kya
- Land migration route: Maiorych 18kya to Tangle Lakes 12kya
- Seasonal sea ice: Ushki Lake O 15kya
> Across Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands > to Alaska Peninsula
- Proof archaeologically: broken mammoth site, Alaska 11,700 BP with Eastern Beringian Osseous Tool (parallel flaking); Folsom site, NM, discovered in 1908 by George Mcjunkin, a classic Paleoindian Bison kill site (channel flake)
58
Clovis-first hypothesis
-
59
Coastal migration hypothesis
-
60
Drowned / submerged sites
-
61
Paleoindians
- Migrated frm Asia, settled in Americas no later than 10,000BC
- Big-game hunters: involved with now-extinct mammals (e.g. bison extinct at 4,500BC)
- Clovis = A paleoindian culture @ Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, ca. 10,000BC, named frm 1st important site near Clovis, NM
- Culture: ancestral to the later Folsom complex
> Like Folsom, was part of big-game hunting tradition
- Characterized by distinctive, fluted, lanceolate stone projectile “Clovis point”
- Clovis projectile points found in association with mammoth bones @AZ
62
Clovis / fluted points vs PreClovis
- Clovis/fluted points = fluted, concave-based, leaf-shaped stone projectile point characteristic of early Paleoindian period, ca. 10,000-9,000BC
> Often found in association with mammoth bones
> Earliest tools known from the New World, over most of North America
63
Pleistocene extinction “overkill hypoth”
-
64
Olsen-Chubock site
-
65
Meadowcroft (PA)
-
66
Topper Site (SC)
-
67
Cactus Hill Site (VA)
-
68
Page-Ladson Site (FL)
-
69
Hoyo Negro and “Naia”
- Naia found in Homo Negro cave, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- 15-17 years old
- Probably died from fall into deep cave/pit
- Pelvis “pitting” indicates likely had given birth
- Very slight build (malnourished)
- Harris lines on long bones indicating nutritional stress
- 12-13ky old
- DNA supports migration of population from Asia
70
3D documentation
-
71
Taima Taima (VZ)
- A 13,000 years old Mastodon Kill Site in Western Venezuela
| - Mastadon fossil and “el Jobo” point
72
Monte Verde Site
- @Chile
| - New dates: 18-14.5k BP
73
James Adovasio
- New idea: pre-Clovis population, 14-17kya
> First challenge to Clovis First
- Pre-Clovis “miller” Point and other lithics, ca. 14k BP
- Pre-Clovis Dates: 15-17k BP: Cactus Hill, Virginia
74
C. Vance Haynes
- Clovis First
- Clovis hunters swept the continent
> Earliest undisputed inhabitants of the Americans, the people known as Clovis descended from late Pleistocene hunters who moved south from Canada, probably through an ice-free corridor that had opened by 12,000 years ago.
> Skilled at taking mammoth, bison, etc.
> Fluted, Clovis style projectile points from sites across North America
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Tom Dillehay (Monte Verde)
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Dennis Standford
- “Solutrean hypothesis”
> Upper Paleolithic: “Solutrean” tools from France are present along coast of eastern U.S.
- Upper regions (north) covered by ice
> Preventing occupation
> Lower regions: Clovis
- Possible evidence (but no): wood boat with proved wood grown in France, DNA sequencing
> If Solutrean boat people washed up on our shores, they suffered cultural amnesia, genetic amnesia, dental amnesia, linguistic amnesia, skeleton amnesia...
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Solutrean hypothesis
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Champlain Sea
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Bull Brook paleoindia site
- One of the Paleoindian site clusters in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts
- 12,500 Calendar years BP
- Sea levels 50-60ft lower
- 40 concentrations in circular argument
- Circle 500ft across
- Small group of people coming together: had idea of organization before settling
> Social organization, leadership in the community
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Paleoindian social networks
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Scallop fishing and archaeology
- Sea scallop (Pectinidae): artifacts coming with scallop from scallop dredge
- Live in the mud deep in the ocean
- Scallop dredge: catching sea scallop with heavy metal chains dragging on the bottom of the sea
- Picked artifacts: near Deer Isle, near Islesford, near Lazygut Island, Moorehead Lake from the gulf of Maine
- Stone biracial artifact: Green Islands, Maine, 43-48m (140-160ft) below sea level
> Similar to Solutrean bifaces from France
> People thinks in similar way
- Moosehead bifaces: 8kya
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Sea-level curve
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Least cost Paths
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VT Paleoindian sites and elevation
- Early Paleoindian period, ca. 12,900-12,400 calendar years BP
- People moving towards the seashore of the Lake Champlain
- Now the seashore moving towards the campus
- Early Paleoindian period sites 12,900-12,400 cal. BP, near “mouth” of the Winooski River and Champlain Sea shoreline (mean elevation =144m)
> Mayan site, Williston: 12,900-12,400 Cal. BP: fluted point Vermont Quartzite; material from NY state
- Middle Paleoindian 12,200-11,600 cal. BP (mean elevation =120m amsl)
> Reagan site, Highgate; Jackson Gore site, Okemo, Ludlow (331m): fluted point made by local material
- Late Paleoindian 11,600-10,800 cal. BP (mean elevation = 89m amsl)
> Mazda site: material not from VT, 70% of stone tools and tool making debris made from New Hampshire rhyolite
> Parallel-flaked Lanceolate projectile points, Ca. 12,000-11,000 BP, Varney Fram site
- Gradual decline of elevation > people moving with the change of elevation
> Use GIS to identify “Least Cost” pathways
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Cucurbita pepo
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Domestication of Maize
- Ca. 7000BC, 6700BC, 4300BC
- Teosinte = maize’s wild ancestor
> Narrow spike, bearing 2 kernel rows of grains
- 2 possible sites of more permanent and large-scale Archaic habitation (early cultivation of maize): Zohapilco in Basin of Mexico, San Andres on the Gulf Coast in Tabasco
- Effect of maize agriculture on human population’s health:
> St. Catherine Island, coast of Georgia:
> Avg of agricultural male 1%, female 3% shorter than their foraging ancestors
> Agriculture = poorer Direct than previous hunting-and-gathering
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Guilt Naquitz
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*** Modern human behavior after ca. 100,000 BP
- Increased types and standardization of artifacts
- Greater frequencies of artifact change over time (evolution of style and technology)
- Shaping of organic materials; carving to make finer implements like needles, harpoons
- Jewelry of perforated shells and carved organic
- Figurative and non-figurative art
- Clear organization of home spaces - dwellings, hearths
- Long distance transport of lithics (trade/exchange?)
- Broad spectrum diet/economy; hunting large and small mammals; harvesting plants; plant processing
- Storage
- Selective hunting
- Occupation of more challenging environments (especially including cold climates of North Europe)
- Growth in population density
