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Large Animal Anatomy > Exam 2 Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Exam 2 Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

point of shoulder in horse

A

cranial part of the greater tubercle of the humerus

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2
Q

which animal has cranial and caudal parts

A

idk

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3
Q

id parts of bones

A

k

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4
Q

what passes through the medial gorrove in the radius

A

extensor carpi obliquus tendon

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5
Q

what passes through the middle groove in the radius

A

extensor carpi radialis tendon

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6
Q

what passes through the lateral groove in the radius

A

common digital extensor tendon

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7
Q

radius and ulna in the horse

A

fused distally

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8
Q

radius and ulna in the ruminants

A

shaft of ulna comes all the way down

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9
Q

dorsoscapular ligament is present in the

A

horse

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10
Q

what is the dorsoscapular ligament

A

part of the thoracolumbar fascia in the area of the withers

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11
Q

dorsoscapular ligament has several

A

layers or lamella

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12
Q

dorsoscaplar ligament attaches to

A

thoracic spins (and supraspinous ligament) at the withers (T3 to T5)

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13
Q

What is the dorsal part of the dorsoscapular ligament composed of

A

dense, colagenous connective tissue

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14
Q

ventral part of dorsoscapular ligament

A

thinner and has numerous elastic fibers as well as CCT

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15
Q

Ventral part of dorsoscapular ligament has numerous

A

lamellae that intersect scapular part of serratus ventralis m.; lamellae attach to deep surface of the scapula

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16
Q

what is the function of the dosroscapular ligament

A

helps absorb concussive force of the foot as it strikes the ground to reduce upward (dorsal) movement of the scapula

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17
Q

origin of dorsoscapular ligament is next to

A

supraspinous bursa

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18
Q

infection of supraspnous bursa can lead to

A

draining tracts that follow lamellae of dorsoscapular ligament; over days to weeks, swelling can occur; can be in multiple locations-swellings rupture and release mucopurulent discharge

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19
Q

how to cure this

A

difficult to cure; medical management alone is rarely effective- need surgical debridement as well as medical treatment

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20
Q

in the horse, superficial thoracic vein (spur vein) drains into

A

thoracodorsal vein which drains into the axillary vein

OR the spur vein drains directly into the axillary vein

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21
Q

subclavious attachments in the horse

A

originates at cranial sternum (1st to 4th costal cartilages) and inserts at aponeurosis over dorsal part of supraspinatus m. and shoulder fascia

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22
Q

what is the innervation of the subclavious

A

pectoral nn.

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23
Q

what is the action of the subclavious

A

adduct and retract the thoracic limb; when limb is advanced and fixed, to draw the trunk cranially

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24
Q

supraspinatus attaches to

A

greater and lesser tubercles of humerus

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25
Q

infraspinatus superficial tendon attaches to

A

on lateral surface of the greater tubercle of umerus distal to the supraspinatus attachment

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26
Q

what bursa is between the superficial tendon of infraspinatous and the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

infraspinatus bursa

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27
Q

where does the deep tendon of the infraspinatous

A

on the caudal part of the greater tubercle

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28
Q

what muscle stabilizes the shoulder joint

A

supraspinatus m.

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29
Q

what muscle is a lateral stabilizer of the shoulder joint

A

infraspinatous

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30
Q

what is the medial stabilizer of the shoulder joint

A

subscapularis m.

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31
Q

triceps brachii m. origin of long head

A

caudal border of scapula

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32
Q

triceps brachii m. origin of lateral head

A

deltoid tuberosity, proximal lateral humerus, fascia along lateral brachium

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33
Q

triceps brachii m. origin of medial head

A

middle third of medial humerus, caudal and distal to teres major tuberosity

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34
Q

insertion of the muscles of the triceps brachii

A

olecranon

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35
Q

innervation of the tricpes brachii

A

radial nerve

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36
Q

action of the triceps brachii mm.

A

extned the elbow jt, long head also flexes the shoulder joint

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37
Q

subtendinous bursa location

A

between long head of the triceps brachii and the olecranon

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38
Q

subcutaneous bursa location

A

between the tricpes brachii tendon and the skin “capped elbow”

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39
Q

biceps brachii m. origin

A

supraglenoid tubercle

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40
Q

biceps brachii m. insertion

A

radial tuberosity of th eradus, medial collateral ligament of the elbow joint, antebrachial fascia, tendon of extensor carpi radialis via lacertus fibrosus

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41
Q

lacertus fibrosus

A

tendinous insertion of biceps brachii on the extensor carpi radialis; part of the stay apparatus; poorly developed in ruminant

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42
Q

intertubercular bicipital bursa in horse and ox

A

separate from the shoulder joint

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43
Q

intertubercular bursa of sheep and goat

A

a pouch of shoulder joint capsule that extends into the intertubercular groove

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44
Q

review osteology of distal limb

A

x

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45
Q

what bone is often missing in the horse

A

first carpal bone

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46
Q

if the first carpal bone is present in the horse, where is it located

A

embedded in the medial collateral ligament

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47
Q

in the ruminant, what does the accessory carpal bone articulate with

A

ulnar carpal bone in ruminants only

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48
Q

cannon bone of horse

A

metacarpal 3

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49
Q

what are splint bones in the horse

A

metacarpals II and IV

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50
Q

distal ends of the splint bones are called

A

buttons

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51
Q

long pastern bone

A

proximal phalanx (PI)

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52
Q

short pastern bone

A

middle phalanx (PII)

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53
Q

coffin bone

A

distal phalanx (PIII)

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54
Q

Proximal sesamoid bones in horse

A

meidal and lateral

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55
Q

distal sesamoid bone o fthe horse is also called

A

navicular bone

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56
Q

in ruminant, what metacarpals are present

A

fused metacarpals III and IV

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57
Q

What metacrapal is rudimenatry in ruminant

A

metacarpal V

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58
Q

vestiges

A

“dewclaws” digits 2 and 5

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59
Q

what are the weight bearing digits of the ruminant

A

digits 3 and 4

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60
Q

what proximal sesamoid bones are present in the ruminant

A

axial and abaxial for each digit

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61
Q

distal sesamoid bone

A

1 per digit

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62
Q

chestnuts

A

vestigial carpal/tarsal pads in the horse

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63
Q

where are chestnuts located

A

medial aspect of the thoracic and pelvic limbs

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64
Q

in the thoracic limb, chestnuts are _____ to carpus

A

proximal

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65
Q

in the pelvic limb, chestnuts are located _____ to the hock

A

distal

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66
Q

ergots

A

rudimentary metacarpal/metatarsal pads on each limb palmar to the fetlock

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67
Q

ligament of ergot

A

deep to skin, cross over digital vessels and nerve and blends into digital vessels

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68
Q

shoulder joint capsule

A

extension surrounding tendon of biceps brachii m. in small ruminants but no tin horse and ox

69
Q

elbow joint capsule

A

has cranial and caudal pouches

70
Q

medial collateral ligament of elbow joint

A

extends from medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial border of the radius

71
Q

lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint

A

extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral border of the radius

72
Q

joint compartments of the carpus in large animals includes

A

raadiocarpal (antebrachiocarpal) joint
middle carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint

73
Q

flexion of antebrachiocarpal joint

A

90-100 degrees

74
Q

middle carpal joint flexion

A

45 degrees

75
Q

carpometacarpal joint

A

little to no movement

76
Q

what carpal joints communicate

A

middle carpal joint and carpometacarpal joint

77
Q

synovial sheaths of extensor tendons

A

carpal extensors and digital extensors

78
Q

carpal sheath

A

common tendon sheath for superficial and deep digital flexor tendons from proximal tot he carpus to the proximal 1/2 of the metacarpus

79
Q

lateral digital extensor of eqine attaches on

A

proximal end of proximal phalanx (PI)

80
Q

Lateral didgital extensor of ruminants attaches to

A

proximal end of middle and distal phalanges (PII and PIII OF DIGIT 4)

81
Q

Common digital extensor of equine attaches to

A

extensor process of distal phalanx (PIII) with additional attachments at proximal ends of proximal nd middle phalanges

82
Q

common digital extensor m. of ruminants

A

medial had attaches on proximal end of middle and distal phalanges
lateral head divides into 2 tendons to attach to extensor process of distal phalanx of digits 3 and 4

83
Q

where carpal canal located

A

medial to accessory carpal bone and deep to flexor retinaculum

84
Q

what is the dorsal boundary of the carpal canal

A

palmar carpal ligament

85
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the carpal canal

A

accessory carpal bone

86
Q

what is the palmaromedial boundary of the carapal canal

A

flexor retinaculum

87
Q

what is located in the carpal canal

A

deep digital flexor tendon
superficial digital flexor tendon
median artery and medial palmar nerve
flexor carpi radialis m.

88
Q

interosseus muscle of horse origin

A

3rd interosseus m.; originates from distal row of carpal bones and proximal metacarpal III

89
Q

interosseus muscle of horse insertion

A

abaxial surfaces of proximal sesamoid bones; and to common digital extensor tendon by way of extensor branches

90
Q

action of interosseus muscle of horse

A

works with other ligaments of the proximal sesamoids to support the fetlock by preventing overextension

91
Q

interosseus m. of ruminants

A

composed of both msucle and tendon
in young animals it may be almost entirely muscle
predominately tendinous in older animals

92
Q

interosseus m. of ruminants origin

A

palmar carpal ligament and proximal palmar surface of metacarpal III/IV

93
Q

interosseus m. of ruminatns insertion

A

proximal sesamoids of both digits; branches to extensor tendons; accessory ligament attaches to suprficial digital flexor m.

94
Q

what is the action of the interosseus m.

A

support fetlock joints; helps form flexor manica for deep digital flexor m.

95
Q

what is the function of the suspensory apparatus of the fetlock joint

A

suspends the fetlcok joint to prevent hyperextension when bearing weight; energy is stored in the apparats due to stretching of the ligaments on the hoof impact with ground; this energy is released at the end of the stride allowing forward movement. Acts like a spring.

96
Q

what does the supsenosry apparatus consist of

A

interosseous m., proximal sesamoid bones, and distal sesamoidean ligaments

97
Q

proximal sesamoid bones are anchored distally by the _____

A

distal sesamoidean ligaments (XYZ ligaments)

98
Q

straight sesamoidean ligament

A

Z ligament

most superficial- attaches to proximal end of middle phalanx

99
Q

oblique sesamoidean ligament

A

Y ligament

deep to straight sesamoidean ligament to roughened area on palmar aspect of proximal phalanx

100
Q

cruciate sesamoidean ligaments

A

X ligament

deepest; from base of each sesamoid bone to the opposite eminence on proximal end of proximal phalanx

101
Q

what is the proximal check ligament

A

accessory ligament of superficial digital felxor tendon

102
Q

course of proximal check ligament

A

runs between distal, caudal radius and superficial digital flexor tendon; proximal to carpus

103
Q

distal check ligament

A

accessory ligament of deep digital flexor tendon

104
Q

course of check ligament

A

runs between palmar carpal ligament and deep digital flexor tedon; located distal to the carpus

105
Q

what is the function of the check ligaments

A

check or limit the action of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles; part of the stay apparatus of the toracic limb

106
Q

know synovial parts of the distal limb

A

x

107
Q

where is the navicular bursa located

A

between deep digital flexor tendon and the distal sesamoid bone; close proximity to coffin bone

108
Q

do navicular bursa and coffin joint communicate

A

not usually

109
Q

deep digital flexor m. tendon _____ along its attachment ot the flexor surface of the distal phalanx

A

fans out

110
Q

digital tendon sheath in the horse is caudal to

A

distal end of interossues m.

111
Q

digital tendon sheath is clost to

A

proximal palmar pouch (recess) of fetlock joint; does not communicate with fetlock joint

112
Q

digital tendon sheath is shared by

A

deep digital flexor m. tendon and superficial digital flexor m. tendon

113
Q

where does the digital tendon sheath start

A

a few centimeters proximal to the fetlock joint

114
Q

where does the digital tendon sheath end

A

at middle of PII

115
Q

digital tendon sheath is a common site for

A

inflammation

116
Q

deep digital flexor m. tendon crosses the fetlock joint in the ____ formed by the superficial digital flexor m. tendon

A

sleeve

117
Q

digital flexor tendons are held in place by waht 3 ligaments

A

palmar annular ligament
proximal digital annular ligament
distal digital annular ligament

118
Q

in the ruminant, the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints are all

A

duplicated joints

119
Q

all joints in the ruminant distal limb have

A

dorsal and palmar pouches

120
Q

large joint capsules at

A

fetlock

121
Q

_____ pouches of fetlock joints are larger than _____ pouches

A

palmar; dorsal

122
Q

________ communicate between the 2 fetlock joints

A

left and right feltock joint capsules

123
Q

the pastern and coffin joints are all

A

separate

124
Q

equine foot

A

hoof and everything inside of the hoof

125
Q

hoof

A

outer part of foot (epidermis and dermis)

126
Q

hoof capsule

A

epidermal part of hoof

127
Q

hoof divides externally into

A

walll
frog
sole

128
Q

coronet

A

junction of skin andhoof

129
Q

wall highest at the _____

A

toe; height decreases over the quarters

130
Q

angle of wall at toe

A

about 50 degrees in the thoracic limb (range 48 to 60)

131
Q

periople

A

widens at palmar aspect of hoof wall; covers bulbs of the heels

132
Q

peirople is

A

stratum externum composed of tubular and intertubular horn

133
Q

stratum externum is a ____ layer

A

thin

134
Q

majority of hoof wall is

A

stratum medium; composed of tubular and intertubular horn

135
Q

growth of wall

A

0.6 to 0.8 cm per month

136
Q

takes ________ for newly formed stratum corneum to move width of the hoof wall (proximal to distal)

A

8 months

137
Q

depression in center of frog

A

central groove

138
Q

groove coresponds to

A

internal spine (frog stay)

139
Q

frog separated from bars by

A

paracuneal grooves (collateral grooves)

140
Q

grooves are common sites of

A

thrush

141
Q

base of frog blends into

A

bulbs of the heels

142
Q

frog (and sole) horn consists of

A

tubular and interubular horn

143
Q

what is the function of the dermis

A

supports the 5 different epidermal regions

144
Q

what attaches dermis to deeper structures

A

subcutis (hypodermis)

145
Q

what produces the hoof capsule

A

stratum basale of epidermis

146
Q

peiroplic dermis supports

A

stratum externum

147
Q

coronary dermis supports

A

stratum medium

148
Q

laminar dermis supports

A

stratum internum

149
Q

sole supports

A

sole

150
Q

frog of dermis supports

A

frog

151
Q

due to the presence of dermal papillae, tubular and intertubular horn is produced in

A

perioplic, coronary, frog, and sole regions of epidermal hoof

152
Q

stratum internum has

A

primary and secondary laminiae

153
Q

primary dermal laminae interdigitate with

A

primary epidermal laminae

154
Q

basement membrane located between

A

stratum basale and dermis

155
Q

what is the white zone

A

junction between sole and wall

156
Q

white zone ncludes

A

innermost part of stratum medium of the wall
distal ends of primary laminae of stratum internum
pigmented horn produced by stratum basale over terminal papillae located at distal end of laminar dermis

157
Q

subcutis is thickened in 2 places

A

coronary cushion and digital cushion

158
Q

coronary cushion

A

deep to coronary dermis
highly elastic
coronary dermis and cushion fill the coronary groove of hoof
contains coronary venous plexus

159
Q

digital cushion

A

subcutis deep to palmar part of hoof capsule

160
Q

digital cushion is composed of

A

collagenous connective, elastic fibers, and adipose tissue

161
Q

bulbs of cushion undely

A

bulbs of heel

162
Q

digital cushion contains

A

modified sweat glands and the fat rich secretions help keep frog pliable

163
Q

the duct pass through the

A

dermis of the frog

164
Q

digital cushion assits with

A

shock absorption and venous return

165
Q

blood supply of the dermis

A

branches of the medial and lateral digital arteries supply all regions of the dermis and the coronary and digital cushions; veins do not parallel the arteries in the foot

166
Q

veins form

A

interconnected networks especially in the coronary band (coronary plexus), laminar dermis (dorsl plexus) and palamar aspect of the hoof (palmar plexus)

167
Q

what pumps blood from plexuses into medial and lateral palmar digital veins, which have valves

A

pressure on foot

168
Q

minimum radiographic views of the limbs & head

A

orthogonal veiws: dorsopalmar/craniocaudal; lateral

169
Q

view rads

A

x

Large Animal Anatomy (14 decks)

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