Exam 3 Thoracic Limb Week 8 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
stratum basale cellls must remain attached to ________ that rests on the dermis (corium)
A
basement membrane
2
Q
Primary epidermal laminae slide past stationary (non-keratinized) cells of the secondary epidermal laminae how?
A
by breaking and reforming desmosomes between cells of primary laminae and stationary cells of secondary epidermal laminae
3
Q
what is the white zone
A
junction between sole and wall
4
Q
what does the white zone include
A
innermost part of stratum medium
distal ends of primary laminae of stratum internum
pigemented horn produced by stratumbasale over terminal papillae located at distal end of laminar dermis (dermal laminae)
5
Q
stratum basale produces _____ to fill in between the primary epidermal laminae (of the stratum internum)
A
tubular and intertubular horn
6
Q
what attaches dermis to bone, hoof cartilages, and tendons
A
subcutis (hypodermis)
7
Q
subcutis is thickened in what two areas
A
coronary cushion and digital cushion
8
Q
coronary cushion
A
deep to coronary dermis
9
Q
coronary dermis is highly _____
A
elastic
10
Q
coronary dermis and cushion fill the _____
A
coronary groove of hoof
11
Q
coronary cushion contains ____
A
venous plexus
12
Q
digital cushion
A
subcutis deep to palmar part of hoof capsule
13
Q
digital cushion is composed of
A
CCT, elastic fibers, and adpiose tissue
14
Q
bulbs of cushion underly what
A
bulbs of heel
15
Q
digital cushion contains what
A
modified sweat glands and the fat-rich secretions help keep frog pliable
16
Q
the duct pass through the ______
A
dermis of the frog
17
Q
digital cushion assists with
A
shock absorption and venous return
18
Q
blood supply to the equine hoof is from branches of
A
the medial and lateral digital arteries
19
Q
the medial and lateral digital arteries supply what
A
all regions of dermis and coronary and digital cushions
20
Q
do veins parallel the arteries in the foot
A
no
21
Q
veins form interconnected networks especially in the
A
coronary band (coronary plexus), laminar dermis (dorsal plexus), and palmar aspect of the hoof (palmar plexus)
22
Q
when the hoof impacts the ground, musch of concussive force dissipated due to
A
hoof flexibility
23
Q
Load on PIII goes to
A
interdigitating epidermal and dermal laminae then to hoof wall
24
Q
heels of hoof spread
A
apart
25
force on navicular bone preses into
deep digital flexor m. tendon
26
frog and digital cushion are
compressed
27
frog presses on ____ to help spread heels
bars and sole
28
pressure on foot compresses
venous plexuses and pumps blood from plexuses on both sides of collateral cartilages into medial and lateral palmar digital veins, which have valves
29
what occurs to the hoof commonly with aging
progressive calcification; called "sidebone"; causes lameness
30
more weight is born on the _____ limbs
thoracic (55-66%)
31
therefore, thoraic limb hoof is a little _____ and more rounded in outline
wider
32
laminitis
epidermlaminae separate from dermal laminae, which are attached to the distal phalanx
33
breakdown of the ______ occurs in laminitis
basement membrane and hemidesmosomes of stratum basale associated with basement membrane
34
tension from the deep digital flexor displaces _______ such that it can peneterate through the sole of the hoof capsule
distal phalanx
35
_____ supports cranial end of body at medial surface of the scapula
serratus ventralis m.
36
force passes what
caudal to shoulder
through elbow joint
through (or cranial to) carpus
cranial to fetlock and pastern
37
without support what happens to shoulder
shoulder and elbow would flex
38
when horses rest while standing, weight is carried by
tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia that constitue the passive stay apparatus; thus reducing energy expenditure in the standing horse
39
tendon of _______ keeps shoulder joint from flexing (supraglenoid tubercle to radial tuberosity)
biceps brachii m. (internal)
40
intermediate tubercle may help do what
lock the shoulder joint
41
force transmited via ________ to the _______ which attachs to the proximal end of metacarpal III
lacertus fibrosus; extensor carpi radialis m.
42
in passive stay apparatus, elbow joint is prevented from ____
flexing
43
weight of trunk rests on the
nearly vertical radius
44
axis of rotation of elbow joint is next to the _____ of the elbow which are eccentrically placed; making the elbow joint a _____ joint
collateral ligaments; snap
45
passive tendsion of tendons of
digital flexors and carpal flexors
46
what muscles may also help appose flexion of the elbow joint
medial head of triceps m. and anconeus
47
flexion of carpus prevented by
force from biceps brachii m. transmitted via lacertus fibrosus to the extensor carpi radialis m.
48
overextension at the carpus is prevented by
palmar carpal ligament and close packing of the carpal bones
49
suspensory apparatus of the fetlock joint keeps the fetlock from
overextension
50
tension in ______ also helps prevent fetlcok overextension
accessory check ligaments; distal parts of both flexor tendons
51
overextension is opposed by
straight sesamoidean ligament
palmar ligaments of the pastern joint
deep digital flexor tendon
52
flexion is prevented by
pull of superficial digital flexor m. tendon (attaching on distal P1 and proximal PIII)
53
Tension of the deep digital flexor m. tendon on PIII tends to flex the
coffin jiont
54
what counteracts pull of deep digital flexor m. tendon and allows the hoof to stay level
extensor branches of the interosseus m.
55
suprascapular nerve innervates
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
56
suprascapular paralysis
aka sweeny or sholder slip; may cause lateral deviation of the shoulder joint; chronic muscle atrophy resulting in proinent spine of scapula
57
radial nerve proximal to the elbow jint innerates
triceps brachi m. all heads; tensor fasciae antebrachii m. and anconeus m.
58
deep branch of radial nerve innervates
extensor muscles of all joints distal to the shoulder (and ulnaris lateralis)
59
high radial nerve paralysis damage occurs where
proximal to innervation of triceps brachii
60
clincial signs of high radial nerve paralysis
unable to support weight onthe affeced limb; dropped elbow; hoof rests on its dorsal aspect; can be caused by damage to brachial plexus
61
low radial nerve paralysis damage occurs distal to
innervation of triceps brachii m.; may reult during lateral recumbency during surgery or trauma
62
clinical signs of low radial paralysis
dorsal surface of hoof may rest on the ground; horse is able to bear weight if hoof is placed in its normal position; horse will likely have difficulty walking on uneven ground, but may compensate on even ground
63
median nerve runs with
brachial artery
64
median innervates
flexor carpi radialis m. and deep digital flexor m. (with ulnar n.);
65
end branches of median nerve in the horse are
medial and lateral palmar nerves
66
median nerve becomes sensory after
muscular branches are given off
67
ulnar nerve innervates
flexor carpi ulnaris m.
digital flexors
sensory at caudal margin of the limb
68
above carpus, ulnar nerve divides into
dorsal and palmar branches
69
ulnar nerve palmar branch combines with
fibers with lateral palmar nerve from median nerve
70
distal to carpus, lateral palmar nerve gives off
deep branch that innervates inteosseous and gives rise to medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn.
71
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn. supply
interosseus m. and palmar pouch of fetlock joint
72
medial and lateral palmar nerves run medial ad lateral to
flexor tendons
73
communicating branch connects
meidal and lateral palmar nn.
74
just above the fetlock, the palmar nerves continue as
medial and lateral palmar digital nerves;
75
palmar digital nerves give offf
1+ dorsal branches to dorsum of digit; pass deep to ligament of the ergot
disappear into the hoof capsule
76
nerves on the dorsal aspect of the distal limb include
cutaneous antebrachial nerevs; dorsal branch of ulnar nerves; dorsal branches of digital nerves
77
AZ for musculocutaneous
cranial (dorsal) metacarpal bone
78
AZ median
from fetlock joint down
79
ulnar nerve AZ
from caudal antebrachium to lateral metacarpal
80
radial nerve AZ
lateral and cranial antebrachium
81
a horse that is lame will become ______ when the area with lesion is desensitzed
temporarily sound
82
intrasynovial injection
anesthetize specific synovial structures with injection into the structure
83
perineural nerve block
localized anesthetic injected around a specific nerve; start distally and inject sequentially; work proximally to desiensitize larger areas of the limb to rule out specific region s of thelimb
84
palmar digital nerve blocks (medial and lateral_
inject 1 cm proximal to collateral cartilage of hoof distal to dorsal branch
85
palmar digital nerve block anesthetizes what area
mos of foot inside the hoof except dorsal part of the laminar dermis and coronary band
86
abaxial sesamoidean blocks
inject at level of proximal sesamoid bones; block medial and lateral palmar nerves proximal to dorsal branches;
all structures blocked by digital nerve block plus rest of structures of the foot and pastern joint
87
low 4 point block
inject at level of distal end of splint bones (buttons); block medial and lateral palmar nerves; block medial and lateral metacarpal nerves;
all previous structures blocked PLUS fetlock joint sesamoid bones, distal supsensory ligament, distal flexor tendons and pastern jiont
88
high 4 point nerve block
medial and lateral palmar nerves; medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves in the proximal metacarpus;
all structures blocked by previous block plus interosseous m. flexor tendons
89
modifiied high for point nerve block (also called lateral palmar nerve block)
block the lateral palmar nerve before it branches off the deep branch; block lateral palmar nerve as it runs medial to accessory carpal bone; +/- medial palmar nerve; blocks structures o metacarpuus, especially the origin of the interosseous
90
dorsal aspect of distal nerve supply of ruminants
superficial branch of radial nerve and dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
91
dorsal branch of ulnar nerve goes to
dorsal common digital abaxial digital;
92
palmar apsect of distal nerve supply of the ruminant
median n. ; palmar branch of ulnar n. plalmar common digital nerves and palmar axial and abaxial digital nerves
93
intravenous local anesthesia tourniquet applied to
distal to carpus
94
anesthetic injected via
Intravenously into superficial veins
95
nerve blocks of ruminants
middle of metacarpus; block ranial n. ulnar ne. an dorsal polimb
96
BLOOD VESSES
d
97
____ HOOF BEARS MORE WEIGHT IN THE THORACIC LIMB
LATERAL
98
ground surfacce of ruminant hoof consists of
wall, sole, and part of bulb
99
dermal regions include
perioplic, coronary, laminar (with termina lpapillae) sole, bulb
100
what is the main weight bearing part of the ruminant hoof
bulb
101
angle at toe
50
102
does ruminant hoof have secondary laminae
no
