Exam 3 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
How do reproductive cells divide
A
Meiosis
2
Q
How are somatic cells divided
A
Mitosis
3
Q
What are somatic cells used for
A
Growth and repair
4
Q
What is mitosis
A
Division of somatic cells into 2 equal parts
5
Q
What is interphase
A
Growing, maturing, and differentiating
6
Q
What is the mitotic phase
A
Actively dividing
7
Q
What is meiosis
A
Creating 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell
8
Q
What is a haploid
A
1 set of chromosomes (gametes)
9
Q
What is a diploid
A
2 sets of chromosomes
10
Q
What does the suspensory ligament do
A
Holds the ovaries in place of the abdomen
11
Q
What is the ovarian arteriovenous complex
A
The blood supply of the ovaries
12
Q
What does the proper ligament do
A
It holds the ovary in place of the uterine horn
13
Q
What are the functions of the female reproductive tract
A
Produce sex hormones, develop gametes, receive male gametes, facilitates fertilization, provides hospitable environment for embryonic development, carries fetus to term, facilitates parturition, and provides nutrition to newborn
14
Q
When is a female sexually receptive to males
A
During estrus or heat
15
Q
What are examples of polyestrous animals
A
Cattle and swine
16
Q
What are examples of seasonally polyestrous animals
A
Horses, ferrets, cats, sheep, and goats
17
Q
What is an example of a diestrous animal
A
Dogs
18
Q
What are monoestrous animals
A
Foxes, minks, and bears
19
Q
What are the 3 phases of a bitch’s reproductive cycle
A
Follicular, luteal, and qulescent
20
Q
What hormone is released during the follicular phase and why
A
FSH for follicular development
21
Q
What follicular development can be absorbed from the follicle to indicate the follicular phase
A
The granulosa cells
22
Q
What does the follicular phase result in
A
Physical/behavioral changes to prepare for breeding and pregnancy
23
Q
What hormone is produced during the luteal phase and why
A
LH for ovulation and lutenization
24
Q
What can be visualized on the ovary to indicate the luteal phase
A
Corpus luteum
25
What is the purpose of the luteal phase
Prepare uterus for implantation and maintain pregnancy
26
What is the quiescent phase
Period of rest between heat cycles, no sexual behaviors are present at this time, avg 3-5 months long depending on breed, health, age, time of year, and environment
27
Are dogs multiparous or uniparous
Typically multiparous
28
When is the first heat
6-12 months but can be 4-24 months
29
What can be used to determine time of breeding
Vaginal cytology and serum progesterone
30
Why do we look at a vaginal cytology to determine where a bitch is in her cycle
Because estrogen influences maturation of the epithelium to keratinized squamous epithelium
31
What are the 4 cell types that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Parabasal, intermediate, superficial cells, and anucleated squamous cells
32
What are the non cornified cells that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Parabasal and intermediate
33
What are the cornified cells that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Superficial cells and anucleated squamous cells
34
What are parabasal cells
Small round cells w/ large stippled nuclei (high N:C ratio)
35
What are intermediate cells
Small round to large angular cells w/ stippled nuclei and more cytoplasm than parabasal
36
What are superficial cells
Large angular cells w/ pyknotic nuclei and has no stippling to nucleus
37
What are anucleated superficial cells
Angular cells w/ no nuclei
38
What is the proestrus stage
Follicular development, Avg 9 days, repro tract wall progressively thickens, physically the vulva swells w/ bloody vaginal discharge, and attracted to male but will not mate
39
What is the estrus stage
Avg 9 days, standing heat accepting males, straw colored discharge, and >90% cornified cells on cytology
40
What is the diestrus stage
Avg 60 days, no specific physical changes, female is not interested in male, abrupt decrease in superficial cells on cytology, CL is present regardless if bred, and ends w/ decline in serum progesterone
41
When would an animal experience a pseudopregnancy
During diestrus
42
What is the anestrus phase
Avg 4 months, reproductive quiescence, endometrial repair, and non-cornified cells on cytology
43
How long can normal sperm be viable in the female repro tract
7-9 days
44
How many meiotic divisions must occur to the primary oocyte in order for fertilization to occur
2
45
How long after the LH surge is a bitch fertile
2 days
46
At what serum progesterone levels does ovulation occur
4-10 ng/ml
47
When is the optimal breeding day
2 days after ovulation occurs
48
What serum progesterone level indicates an LH surge
2-2.9 ng/ml
49
What is an ovulated oocyte called
Primary oocyte
50
What are the methods of breeding
Natural cover, fresh, fresh chilled, and frozen
51
Where does fertilization occur
In the oviduct
52
When does the embryo enter the uterus
As a morula on day 8-12
53
When does implantation occur
At day 17-18
54
What type of placenta does dogs form and what are its characterisitics
Endotheliochorial zonary placenta w/ marginal hematomas containing the green pigment uteroverdin
55
What is the gestational length of dogs
62-64 days from ovulation
56
How can pregnancy be diagnosed
Palpation at 28-35 days after ovulation, ultrasound 24-28+ days, rads 45+ days, and pregnancy tests for relaxin as early as 22-27 days
57
What are the souces of relaxin
Ovaries and placenta
58
What is looked for on an ultrasound when trying to diagnosis pregnancy
Fetal vesicles are first visible routinely day 24-28 and fetal heartbeats are easily visible after day 30
59
What else can we use to determine fetal viability
HR, movement, gut peristalsis, and kidney development
60
How can we see fetal death on xrays
Gas w/in or around the fetus, collapse of axial skeleton, and failure of skeleton to calcify or fetus to grow
61
How long after a heat cycle can a pyometra occur
2 months in unbred females
62
What are clinical signs of pyometra
Lethargic, febrile, anorexic, vomiting, diarrhea, possible vulvar discharge, PU/PD, and abdominal distension
63
What clinical signs can pyometra cause if left untreated
Organ dysfunction, coagulopathies, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and death
64
What is the treatment for pyometra
Surgery and medical management of antibiotics and PGF-2alpha if it is a breeding animal w/ no life threatening illnesses
65
What clinical signs can appear if treating pyometra medically
Abdominal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, restlessness, anxiety, fever, and hypersalivatio
66
What muscle is attached to the scrotum to manipulate temperature of the sperm
Cremaster muscle
67
What is the pampiniform plexus
Network of veins surrounding testicular artery to cool arterial bood
68
What is the vas deferens called in vet med
Deferent duct
69
What are lobules
Testicular tissue between the septas
70
What are septas
Fibrous partitions that stem from the tunica albuginea
71
What is the tunica albuginea
A fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds/supports the testis
72
What is the vaginal tunic
Fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds the pampiniform plexus and cremaster muscle aka spermatic cord
73
What does the gubernaculum become
Proper ligament of testis, ligament of tail of epididymis, and scrotal ligament
74
What needs to be intact in order to have a closed neuter
The visceral tunic vaginalis
75
Where is spermatozoa produced
In the seminiferous tubules
76
What are sertoli cells
Support spermatids and shield them from the immune system
77
What are interstitial cells (Leydig)
They produce androgens (testosterone) in response to LH
78
What does testosterone cause in males
Secondary sex characterisitics, accessory sex glands, and spermatogenesis
79
What is the epididymis
Storage and maturation of spermatozoa
80
What is the ductus deferens
Moves spermatozoa from the epididymis to urethra during ejaculation
81
What are common accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
82
What can be found in the alkaline fluid produced by the accessory sex glands
Electrolytes, fructose, and prostaglandins
83
What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog
The prostate
84
What do seminal vesicles produce
Secretions that make up much of the volume of the semen and transport/provide nutrients for the sperm
85
What is the main functionof the prostate gland
Alkaline fluid secretion
86
What is the bulbourethral gland do
Provide nutrition to sperm and forms a gelatinous plug that traps the semen in the female reproduction system
87
What is the penis comprised of
Muscle, erectile tissue, CT, blood supply, and sensory nerves
88
What is the roots of the penis
Two bands of crura attach the penis to the brim of the pelvis
89
What is the body of the penis
Corpus cavernosum that is paired bundles of erectile tissue w/ sinuses that engorge w/ blood and the corpus spongiosum that protects the urethra
90
What is the glans penis
Distal end of penis w/ numerous sensory nerves
91
What is the sigmoid flexure
An S shape curve that is straightens during erection and is retracted by a penis muscle
92
What is puberty in animals
Capable of releasing gametes
93
What is sexual maturity
Full reproduction capability
94
What is looked at in a BSE
Fertility in males and females, history, examing the reproductive tract, infectious disease testing, +/- ultrasound/advance imaging/uterine biopsie, vaginal cytology, semen collection/evaluation, and other species specific things such as scortal circumference and evaluating accessory glands
95
What infectious disease are we looking to avoid in canine breeding animals
Brucella canis
96
What infectious disease are we looking to avoid in cattle breeding animals
Tritrichomonas foetus
97
What are the 3 protions of semen
Pre-sperm, sperm rich, and prostatic portion
98
What is the pre-sperm fraction
Clear first portion seen during the initial thrusts coming from the prostate and urethral glands
99
What is the sperm rich fraction
White cloudy portion seen during thrusts coming from the tail of the epididymis
100
What is the prostatic protion
Clear portion seen when thrusting is done can be seen after the stepover to the rear comes from the prostate
101
What is the only seminal fraction that is not needed for the BSE
The prostatic portion
102
What things go into organizing an environment for collection
Quiet non-stressful environment and a non slip mat to provide footing
103
What collection equipment is used for dogs
Collection sleeve, polypropylene AI cone, Whirl-Pak bags, avoid rough edges and seams (fold edges), and wear gloves
104
How far up do you slide up the collection sleeve and hold the penis
Behind the bulbus glandis and apply pressure proximal to the bulbus glandis
105
How can pain and discomfort during collection be avoided
Place the prepuce proximal to the bulbus glandis
106
What is used for collection w/ most small ruminants
Electroejaculator in the rectum
107
How do you do a sperm count
Put a 1:100 dilution in a hemacytometer and look at it under the microscope
108
What is the required percentage of sperm to have progessive motility in dogs to pass a BSE
70%
109
What is the differece btw wave motility and progressive motility
Wave motility looks at the movement of the group of sperm and progessive looks at individual movement
110
Which stain is used to distinguish viability of sperm
Eosin-Nigrosin
111
What is the other stain that can be used for sperm mophology
Wright-Giemsa
112
What is balanoposthitis
Inflammation of penis (balanitis) and prepuce (posthitis), licking, yellow-green discharge, and flush to rule out foreign body
113
What is phimosis
Penis cannot be extruded (get out of) from the prepuce due to inflammation, neoplasia, and trauma decreasing preputial orifice size or increased penis size overall treatment is surgery
114
What is paraphimosis
Penis cannot return to normal position w/in the prepuce, post breeding or sexual excitement, trauma/fracture of os penis, this is an emergency
115
What are treatment methods for paraphimosis
Cold packs, sugar, lubricant, preputial incision + purse string, and penile amputation
116
What is priapism
Constant erection unrelated to sexual desire often caused by spinal cord lesion, genitourinary infection, constipation, and acepromazine in horses
117
Orchitis/epididymitis
Testicular and epididymal inflammation from trauma, systemic infection, extension from prostate, or UTI clinical signs are stiff gait, firm/swollen, testicle/epididymis, pain, scrotal dermatitis (self-inflicted) can be treated w/ antibiotics or castration
118
What can chronic orchitis/epididymitis lead to
Smaller non painful testis
119
Which are more likely to be cryptorchid dogs or cats
Dogs
120
How can cryptorchidism be classified
Location and how many are effected
121
What does brucella canis affect in dogs
Reproductive organs, uveitis, discospondylitis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis
122
How can brucella canis be spread
Discharge, placenta, aborted material, semen, urine, mm, and transplacental
123
What does benign prostatic hyperplasia cause in dogs typically older than 6
Testosterone influenced, tenesmus, hematuria, and hemospermia
124
How can benign prostatic hyperplasia be diagnosed and treated
Digital rectal palpation, radiography, ultrasound, and biopsy and can be treated w/ castration or finasteride
125
What are clinical signs of prostatitis
Secondary to UTI, fever, arched back, depression, hemorrhagic or purulent penile discharge, constipation, and signs of UTi
126
What is prostatic neoplasia
Can be present in any male dog, grows into urethral lumen causing dysuria and urinary obstruction, can be diagnosed via cytology of prostatic fluid, semen, or urine, metastasis of sublumbar lymph nodes and spine, treatment can be prostatectomy and chemotherapy
127
What can sertoli cell tumors cause
Swelling of testicles, high estrogen levels leading prostatomegaly, mammary gland hyperplasia, prominent teats, symmetrical alopecia, anemia, and attracting other males (most likely)
128
What does seminomas cause
Tumor that can produce estrogen and swelling or testicles and inguinal region
129
What does leydig cell tumors cause
Produces testosterone, few clinical signs, and rarely problematic metastatic
130
What animals breed using cushing (laying down)
Camelids
131
What is ejaculation to the male
A reflex of expulsion of semen
132
What is stage 1 of ejaculation
Spermatozoa move form epididymis, fluids from accessory reproductive glands move into pelvic portion of urethra, and internal urethral sphincter closes
133
What is stage 2 of ejaculation
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle around urethra and semen is expelled
134
Who needs to arrive at the oviducts first
Spermatozoa
135
What is capacitation
It increases chances of fertilization via ion movement, through cell membrane, increases cells metabolic rate, increases in rate of simple sugar use for energy production, and exposure of enzymes in acrosome
136
What kind of cell is a zygote
A diploid chromosome cell
137
What does a zygote in the morula stage form
A blastocyst
138
Where does the blastocyst embed itself
In the endometrium
139
What are the 3 fluid filled sacs
Amnion (baby), allantosis (outside sac), and chorion (uterine)
140
What composes the umbilical cord
2 umbilical arteries, 1 umbilical vein, and 1 urachus
141
What kind of placenta does dogs/cats have
Zonary
142
What is the gestational period of dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep/goats, pigs, and rabbits
Dogs 63+/- 3 days, cats 60-65 days, cattle 9 months, horses 12 months, sheep/goats 5 months, pigs 3 months 3 weeks 3 days, and rabbits 31 days
143
What occurs in the 1st week of canine pregnancy
fertilization, watch for infection from breeding, keep feeding high quality food, no vaccinations, and keep exercising
144
What occurs in the 2nd week of canine pregnancy
Morula turns into blastocyst and implants w/ same care as 1st week
145
What occurs in the 3rd week of canine pregnancy
Blastocyst implants in the uterus w/ same care as week 1
146
What occurs in the 4th week of canine pregnancy
Able to palpate at the end of this week (day 28-30), eyes and spinal cord develop, face appears, teats may begin to develop, start limit exercise
147
What occurs in the 5th week of canine pregnancy
Weight starts to increase, swelling to mammary tissue, and long haired breeds need a haircut
148
What occurs in the 6th week of canine pregnancy
Provide whelping box, may need to increase food amount, and switch to puppy food
149
What occurs in the 7th week of canine pregnancy
Increase food and minimize jumping/rough play
150
What occurs in the 8th week of canine pregnancy
See and feel fetal movement, milk production, day 54-55 take abdominal rads, review whelping procedures w/ owner
151
What occurs in the 9th week of canine pregnancy
Appetite will slow and may stop, diarrhea, body temp drops w/in 12 hrs of parturition, nesting behavior, and maybe start on calcium
152
What is the 1st stage of labor
Myometrium contracts, fetus is positioned against cervix, cervix gradually dilates, can see restlessness, panting, nesting, and inappetance
153
What is the 2nd stage of labor
Amniotic and allantoic sacs of the placenta rupture, uterine and abdominal muscles contract in rhythmic pattern (ferguson reflex), and newborn delivered
154
What is the 3rd stage of labor
Fetal membranes separate, weaker uterine contraction to deliver fetal membranes, and passes fetal membranes
155
When does the uterus begin to involute
Immediately, the endometrium sloughs into the lumen of the uterus, myometrium continues to mildly contract w/ oxytocin this takes weeks
156
What are maternal causes to dystocia
Uterine inertia, inadequate size of birth canal, ruptured diaphragm, and disrupted abdominal wall
157
What is uterine inertia
Lacking progress in 2nd stage labor typically due to large litter, breed predisposition, small fetuses, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia
158
What are causes for inadequate size of birth canal
Previous trauma, excessive fat, vaginal hyperplasia, prolapse, insufficient dilation
159
What are fetal causes of dystocia
Oversized fetus, undersized fetus, abnormal presentation/position/posture, multiparity, and congenital defects
160
What are appropriate presentations for puppies
60% cranial and 40% caudal
161
What is the appropriate presentation for puppies
Dorsosacral
162
What is the appropriate posture for puppies
Head and forelimbs extended
163
What should be done before anesthitizing a dog for a C-section
Blood work, lateral recumbency shaving the ventral abdomen while pre-oxygenating, ask about future reproduction, recruit help, towels, warm fluids for abdominal flush, heated box for puppies, and analgesia
164
What neonatal care is preformed after a C-section
Clean/dry/stimulate by rubbing w/ towel, clear nostrils and mouth of mucus, tie umbilical cord, check for genetic defects, keep warm, and return to mom after recovered
