Exam 5 Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
What are some common species from order Squamata that are kept as pets
A
King snake, boa constrictor, green iguana, bearded dragon, and leopard gecko
2
Q
What are common species from order chelonia that are kept as pets
A
Box turtles and african spurred tortoise
3
Q
What are common species from the order anura that are commonly kept as pets
A
American bullfrog, american toad, and tree frogs
4
Q
What species from the order caudata that are commonly kept as pets
A
Tiger salamander and red spotted newt
5
Q
What are characteristics of species in the order gymnophiona
A
Aquatic or underground in tropical regions, viviparous or oviparous, tentacles on face for olfactory sense, and a common one is the mexican caecilian
6
Q
What is the collective term for amphibians and reptiles
A
Herptiles
7
Q
What are ectothermic animals
A
Cold blooded animals such as amphibians, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates
8
Q
What species body temp does not depend on the environment
A
Leatherback sea turtles and pythons when incubating eggs
9
Q
How does behavior change for thermoregulation in ectothermic animals
A
Basket/heat seeking vs shade seeking and coiling vs spreading out
10
Q
What types of behavior depends on the metabolic need
A
Movement, posture, and skin color/pattern
11
Q
What is the preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)
A
Range of temps in which the animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions
12
Q
What happens if their temp is too low
A
Brumation/hibernation, immunosuppression, and digestive problems
13
Q
What happens if temps are too high
A
Forced high metabolsim and energy deficit
14
Q
What are two things that are affected by body temp
A
Food requirements and drug pharmacokinetics
15
Q
What does the epidermis consist of in reptiles
A
Folds/scales, spectacle, alpha keratin, and beta keratin
16
Q
What is a spectacle
A
The scale over the eye in snakes
17
Q
What is alpha keratin
A
Softer keratin between scales
18
Q
What are beta keratin
A
Rigid scales
19
Q
What does the dermis consist of in reptiles
A
Dense CT, blood, lymph, nerves, chromatophores, and osteoderms in some lizards and crocodilians
20
Q
What is chromatophores
A
Pigment that may allow for adaptabiltiy specifially in chameleons
21
Q
Why is there little SQ space in reptiles
A
Because their skin is inelastic
22
Q
What is the medical term for shedding skin
A
Ecdysis
23
Q
What influences ecdysis
A
The thyroid gland in times of growth or injury
24
Q
What develops between the old and new epidermal layers
A
Enzyme rich lymph that dulls the skin and makes it look opaque this is reabsorbed a few days before shedding
25
What is the medical term for dead skin
Exuvia
26
What is the process of ecdysis
Cells replicate new epidermis, lymph secreted between old and new layers, skin color dulls, spectacle becomes opaque, lymph is reabsorbed, and mechanical rubbing on objects removes the skin
27
What does the epidermis consist of in amphibians
One to a few layers of keratinized cells, permeable creating drink patches, outer layers shed regularly, and may have glands
28
What is the dermis comprised of in amphibians
Chromatophores and glands for skin protection and toxins for defense
29
Do amphibians have a SQ area
It is minimal to non existent
30
What kind of muscle is the reptilian iris comprised of
Skeletal
31
What are characteristics of the PLR in reptilian
Direct present and consensual PLR absent
32
What is a special characteristic of reptiles eyelids in dry/sandy areas
The lower eyelid is thinner letting them see through them
33
What is the only type of reptilie whos lower eye lid is not more mobile than the upper
Crocodilians
34
What is more pronounced in crocodilians
Nictitans
35
What reptilians lack eyelids including nictitans and where is tear film
Snakes and some lizards so the tear film between the spectacle and cornea
36
What is missing in chelonians ocular and nasal area
The nasolacrimal system
37
What type of glands are in the ocular area is present in most reptiles
Lacrimal glands and harderian glands
38
What types of reptiles have only harderian glands
Anurans and caecilians
39
What species have eyelids that developed during metamorphosis
Salamanders, frogs, and toads
40
What type of species have no eyelids
Aquatic species
41
How do many amphibians eyes protrude when swallowing
Ventrally
42
What is the function of the scleral bones in most reptiles
Maintain shape and protect from trauma
43
What are the only reptiles that don't have scleral bones
Snakes and crocodilians
44
What reptiles have fluid in the lens
Chelonians
45
What is unique about the lens of a snake
Rigid as an accommodation via the change in fluid pressure
46
What removes waste products from the retinas
Choroidal vessels or modified vessels that protrude into aqueous and viterous
47
What is unique about retinas of reptiles
They are avascular
48
What enters the vitreous from the optic disk
Conus papillaris
49
What do crocodilians have near the globe of their eye
Conus papillaris this is similar to the pectin in birds
50
What is the parietal eye
Rudimentary retina and cornea only that functions as a light cycle based hormone that communicates directly w/ the pineal gland
51
What are the structures of the heart in reptilians
2 atria, 1 ventricle, and paired aortic arches
52
What are the 3 regions of the ventricle in reptiles
Cavum venosum, cavum arteriosum, and cavum pulmonale
53
What reptiles have 4 chambers in the ventricle
Crocodilians
54
What is the blood flow in reptilians
Right atrium, cavum pulonale, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, left atrium, cavum arteriosum, cavum venosum, and aortic arches
55
What maintains the blood flow in reptilians
Pressure differences and muscluar ridge between cavum venosum and pulmonale
56
What happens to the blood when a reptilian is oxygen deprived
The blood flow is shunted away from the lungs increasing pulmonary vascular resistance
57
What is the foramen panizza
It connects the two aortas of a crocodilian heart near the base of the heart
58
What is the valve at the opening of a crocodilian pulmonary artery
Cog-wheel
59
What is the function of the cog wheel valve
It shunts blood to the left aorta for systemic circulation
60
What does the cog wheel valve do when a crocodilian is holding its breath
It closes
61
What can help auscultate the low amplitude sounds in reptiles
Place a moist towel between the stethoscope bell and the patient's skin
62
What does applying pressure to the eyes of lizards result in
The vasovagal reflex slows the HR and decreases BP
63
What is the lymph heart
Lymphatic vessels w/ prominent smooth muscle in the walls to pump lymph thru the large lymphatic vessels
64
What are physical charactersitics of RBCs in amphibians and reptiles
Oval shaped and nucleated
65
What is the lifespan of amphibian/reptile RBCS
600-800 days
66
What vein do we tend to use to pull blood in snakes, lizards, crocodilians, and salamanders
Ventral coccygeal vein
67
What veins can we use to draw blood in chelonians
Jugular, dorsal coccygeal, or brachial vein
68
What vein can be used to draw blood from amphibians and lizards
Ventral abdominal vein
69
What are characteristics of heterophils in amphibians/reptiles
Round to oval nuclei and rod shaped eosinophilic granules
70
What are characteristics of eosinophils in amphibians/reptiles
Round eosinophilic granules and in blue staining in iguanas
71
What species has a high number of circulating eosinophils and basophils
Chelonians
72
What are characteristics of basophils in amphibians/reptiles
Dark blue granules that obscure the nucleus
73
What are characteristics of lymphocytes in amphibians/reptiles
Large N:C ratio w/o granules, varying in size, and in most reptiles they are the most predominant WBC in circulation
74
What are characteristics of monocytes in amphibians/reptiles
Largest WBCs, oval or lobed nuclei, blue-gray cytoplasm, and small vacuoles or granules
75
How do we refer to monocytes in amphibians/reptiles w/ vacuoles or granules
Azurophils or azurophilic monocytes
76
What are characteristics of thrombocytes
Small, oval, nucleated, clear cytoplasm, and +/- small granules
77
What is the reptilian respiratory system driven by
O2
78
How can a reptiles respiratory system tolerate low oxygen levels
Large pulmonary volume, efficient anaerobic metabolism, and cardiac shunting capability
79
Where is the glottis in reptiles
Rostral of the oral cavity behind the tongue
80
Why is the glottis mobile in the snake
So they can breath while ingesting food
81
What is the only reptile species that does not have tracheal rings
Chelonians
82
What contributes to vocalization in frogs/toads
Air sacs
83
What are the 2 lung types in reptiles
Unicameral, paucicameral, and multicameral
84
What are unicameral lungs
Cranial gas exchange occurs and there is a caudal air sac these are present in snakes and some lizards
85
What are paucicameral lungs
There are a few compartments that are found in iguanas and chameleons
86
What are multicameral lungs
Has many compartments and intrapulmonary bronchi and are present in chelonians, some lizards, and crocodilians
87
What are charactersitics of the amphibian respiratory tract
No diaphragm and forces air into the lungs by closing the nostrils
88
What do salamanders rely on in terms of respiration
Cutaneous respiration
89
What are characteristics of pulmonary tissue
Honeycomb structure and it stops in the faveoli
90
What is the faveoli
Site of gas exchange, fixed does not expand or contract, and is surrounded by capillary beds
91
What does respiration rely on in reptilians
intercostal and other axial muscles
92
What is present in most chelonians and some lizards
Membranes between lungs and the other organs
93
What is present in crocodilians that assists in respiration
Hepatic piston
94
What is the hepatic piston
Muscular septum caudal to lungs and attached to the liver
95
Where is the diaphragmaticus muscle
Liver to pubis
96
What does the contraction of the diaphragmaticus muscle do
Expands the lung
97
How does respiration occur in amphibians
Buccal/pharyngeal pumps to respire and is where gas exchange happens
98
How does respiration occur in aquatic chelonians
Gas exchange through the pharynx and cloaca
99
How does respiration occur in snakes
Single right lung and may have a tracheal lung so respiration occurs during ingestion
100
What is the order of vibrations for amphbians/reptiles
External ear, tympanum, columella, oval window, and quadrate bone
101
How do snakes hear
Ground vibrations sensed via vibration of mandibles which move the quadrate bones which move the columellae which connects to the oval window
102
What are endolymphatic sacs
Calcium secreting glands which maintain homeostasis during egg formation and metamorphosis of amphibians
103
What species have endolymphatic sacs
Snakes, frogs, toads, and some lizards
104
What amphibians or reptiles are strict carnivores
Snakes, crocodilians, and adult amphibians
105
What is the diet of a king cobra
Other snakes
106
What is the diet of caiman lizards
Snails
107
Why are snakes and lizards tongues deeply forked
To collect particle gradients that are delivered to the vomeronasal organ
108
What is special about a chameleons tongue
Its sticky and projectile
109
What is special about chelonians tongue
Thick, fleshy, immobile tongues
110
What is special about crocodilians tongue
Attached to the intermandibular space and muscular flaps from the tongue and dorsal pharynx so they can open their mouth underwater w/o ingesting/breathing
111
Which species have a flipping tongue
Anurans and terrestrial salamanders
112
What is produced by salivary glands
Lubricant, enzymes, and +/- venom
113
Where are venom producing salivary glands
Upper jaw below the eyes
114
Where are venom producing salivary glands in lizards
Lateral aspects of lower jaws
115
What is the name for chelonians beaks
Tomia
116
What are the types of teeth present in amphibians and reptiles
Thecodont, acrodont, and pleurodont
117
What are thecodont teeth
Arise from sockets in the skull bone present in crocodilians
118
What are acrodont teeth
Fused to biting edges of mandible and maxillae, these do not grow back if lost or broken, and present in some lizards
119
What are pleurodont teeth
Attached to periosteum on medial mandibles and maxillae present in snakes and iguanas
120
What is the dentition pattern of a snake
6 rows of teeth two on mandibles, maxillae, and palatine/pterygoid bones
121
What are the different dentition patterns for venom
Solenoglyphous, proteroglyphous, opisthoglyphous, and aglyphous
122
What are solenoglyphous snakes
Fans fold on roof of mouth when closed present in vipers
123
What are proteroglyphous snakes
Upright fangs that are fixed present in elapids
124
What are opisthoglyphous snakes
Upright fangs that are fixed and rear facing present in colubrids
125
What are aglyphous snakes
No fangs because they are non-venomous
126
What is venom used for
Primarily food and defense secondary
127
How is venom expelled
By muscle contraction and can control the amount released
128
What are the only amphibians that do not have teeth
Bufonid toads
129
What is the odontoid process
Cutting plates on the rostral mandible that is present in some frogs
130
Why do aquatic turtles have cones in their esophagus
To prevent fish from swimming out
131
What is the stomach pH of amphibians and frogs
2-3
132
What species can prolapse their stomach and clean it
Anurans
133
What are characteristics of intestinal tract of herbivores
Longer intestinal tract, larger colon for hindgut fermentation, and a cecae in lizards and chelonians
134
What are characteristics of carnivores
Shorter intestinal tract and no cecae
135
What comprises the liver of amphibians and reptiles
Melanomacrophages
136
What is in some snakes and chelonians instead of a pancreas
Splenopancreas
137
What is unique about chelonians GI organs
Pancreatic and bile ducts enter pylorus
138
What comprises the cloaca in amphibians/reptiles
Copreodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum
139
What is the coprodeum
Connected to the rectum and produces digestive waste
140
What is the urodeum
Connected to the urogenital openings and produces urinary waste and genital products
141
What is the proctodeum
Last chamber before the vent and glandular tissue that stores excrement
142
Where does water reabsorption occur in reptiles
Bladder, rectum, and cloaca
143
How is water conserved in reptiles
Uric acid and the renal portal system
144
Why is uric acid secreted in reptiles
It has a low water requirement for excretion and safe in eggs
145
What does aquatic or semiaquatic reptiles produce instead of uric acid
Ammonia and or urea it is water soluble and more toxic than uric acid
146
What is the renal portal system
Renal portal veins arise from veins of tail and hindlimbs, capillary beds perfuse renal tubules but bypass glomerlui, and allows them to stop blood flow to glomeruli and decrease urine production while maintaining blood flow to tubules
147
What does stopping blood flow to glomeruli do for reptiles
Avoids ischemic necrosis, decreases urine production, and allows for secretion of uric acid
148
What species have lobulated kidneys
Snakes
149
Why is reptiles urine more concentrated than their blood
Because their nephrons lack a loop of Henle
150
What is the sexual segment
From the distal tubule it enlarges when repro hormones are high possibly adding secretions to the seminal fluid
151
What is the path of urine
Collecting ducts, ureters, urodeum, +/- urethra and urinary bladder
152
What species lack a bladder and where is urine stored
Crocodilians, snakes, and some lizards so the urine is stored in the cloaca or rectum
153
What are characteristics of amphibian kidneys
Lobulated, incapable of concentrating urine compared to blood, and has nephrostomes
154
What do nephrostomes do
Allow coelomic fluid to be filtered by the renal tubules
155
What do larval and aquatic amphibians produce in the renal system
Ammonia
156
What do terrestrial amphibians produce in their renal system
Urea
157
What do tree frogs in arid environments produce in their renal system
Uric acid
158
Do all amphibians have urinary bladders
Yes
159
Where are reptiles testes located
Internally near the caudal vena cava/aorta/adrenal glands
160
What is the pathway of the sperm in reptiles
Testis, ductus deferens, and dorsal urodeum
161
How do reptilians fertilize
Internally via copulatory organs
162
What are the 2 different forms of copulatory organs that a reptilian can have
Phallus or hemipenes
163
Which reptiles have a phallus
Erectile tissue that originates from the floor of the cloaca
164
What reptiles have hemipenes
Snakes and lizards
165
What are hemipenes
Paired structures that evert from the tail base through the vent
166
Where are female reptiles reproductive organs
There are paired ovaries in the dorsal coelomic cavity
167
What is the path of eggs in the reptiles
Ovaries, oviducts, and genital papillae in the dorsal urodeum
168
What are the portions of the oviduct
Infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina
169
What are the only viviparous reptilian species
Boas, vipers, and skinks
170
What does FSH do in the reptile reproductive cycle
Process of adding vitellogenin and calcium to yolk within a developing follicle temporaily increases blood calcium
171
What is vitellogenin
Lipid produced by liver turning it yellow but is not diseased
172
What is oviposition
The act of laying eggs
173
What does oviposition require
A suitable nest if it is not present dystocia occurs
174
What is the only reptile that protects their nest/offspring
Crocodilians
175
How long do pythons/cobras protect their nest
Until hatching
176
What must be right for incubation
Temperature, humidity, and gas composition
177
Why does diapause occur in chelonians
Temp drops stalling development it is necessary for continued development of the eggs
178
What are the genotypes for amphibians and reptiles
Females ZW and males ZZ
179
What genders do higher temps lead to in different species
Male crocodilians and lizards and female chelonians
180
What is a secondary male sex characteristic in snakes
Tail is longer and thicker
181
What are secondary male sex characteristics
Concave plastron, distal vent, and less reliably eye color, carapace shape, and length of claws on the forlimbs
182
What is a secondary male sex characteristics of jackson's chameleon
Horns on their face
183
What is a secondary male sex characteristic of green iguana
Pronounced dewlaps and crests
184
What are secondary male sex characteristics of iguanas and geckos
Femoral or precloacal pores
185
What are sexual dimorphisms of male amphibians
Enlarged toe pads, larger tympanic membranes, prominent cloacal glands, rough nuptial pads on limbs, and calling when conditions are appropriate
186
What are the Bidder's organs
Ovarian remnants in male toads
187
What type of birthed young are most caecilians
Viviparous
188
How do caecilians achieved fertilization
Phallodeum an everted cloaca
189
What is the male salamander's role in fertilization
Spermatophores that are packets of sperm that are deposited by salamanders
190
What is the female salamanders role in fertilization
Spermatotheca that is pockets in the cloaca allowing the female salamander to store sperm
191
What type of fertilization occurs in anurans
External fertilization known as amplexus
192
Where are amphibian eggs deposited
In or near water because larvae are water dependent
193
How long are tadpoles aquatic
Before the metamorphosis occurs
194
What stimulates metamorphosis in tadpoles and how long does it take
Takes 90 days and is stimulated by the thyroid
195
What type of salamander retains its larval form into adulthood
Neotenic or axolotl
196
What process are controlled by a reptilians thyroid
Ecdysis and growth
197
What does ultimobrachial bodies produce in reptiles/amphibians
Calcitonin
198
What do adrenal glands of amphibians/reptiles lack
Corticomedullary distinction
199
What does it mean that amphibians/reptiles are lissencephalic
They have no gyri or sulci in their CNS
200
What are the only species that have a cauda equina
Frogs/toads
201
How many cranial nerves do amphibians and reptiles have
Amphibians have 10 and reptiles have 12
202
What do reptiles and amphibians rely on for for movement
Spinal reflexes giving them a greater prognosis w/ a spinal injury
203
What are the 2 types of skulls amongst amphibians and reptiles
Chelonians have an anapsid which has no temporal openings and all other reptiles have a diapsid which has temporal openings
204
What is unique about a snakes skull that makes it easier for them to ingest large prey
Their mandibular symphysis is not fused
205
What are characterisitics of the axial skeleton in amphibians and reptiles
All are flexible except chelonians, single occipital condyle increasing the mobility of the head, large variability in the number of vertebrae present, and well developed ribs
206
What is unique about chelonians axial skeleton
Their ribs are fused w/ their spine to their shell
207
What is unique about the axial skeleton in anurans
The last caudal vertebrae is called the urostyle
208
How does a lost tail regenerate in lizards and salamanders
A stiff cartilaginous rod in lizards and in salamanders it is similar to the original
209
What are characteristics of the appendicular skeleton in reptiles
The pectoral girdle is comprised of the scapula and the coracoid bone, pelvis articulates w/ scaral vertebrae, hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs, and there are 5 digits on all feet except for crocodilians which have 4 on their hind feet
210
What is unique about the appendicular skeleton in pythons and boas
They have spurs which is a vestigial pelvic limb near the vent that is used in courtship
211
What are characteristics of appendicular skeleton of legless lizards
Vestigial thoracic and pelvic limbs
212
How many toes are on the limbs of amphibianss
4 toes on the pectoral limbs and 5 toes on pelvic limbs
213
What comprises the pectoral girdle in salamanders
Precoracoid, coracoid, and scapula
214
What comprises the pectoral girdle of anurans
Scapula, clavicle, and coracoid
215
What is the only non-cartilaginous thing about the appendicular skeleton of salamanders
Where they articulate w/ the humerus
216
What are characterisitics of anurans appendicular skeleton
It is completely ossified and the radius is fused w/ the ulna referred to as the radioulna
217
What is unique about the appendicular skeleton of astragalus and calcaneum species
Elongated metatarsal bones in anurans
218
What are charactersitics of muscles in snakes
Well developed epaxial and segmental muscles, attach scutes to ends of ribs, and utilize varying movement strategies
219
What are characteristics of muscles in reptiles and amphibians
They cannot maintain prolonged aerobic metabolism so they use short bursts of movement
220
What does prolonged aerobic metabolism lead to in reptiles and amphibians
Anaerobic metabolism, lactic acidosis, and metabolic acidosis
221
What are good pet snakes
Corn snake, milk snake, kingsnake, and ball python
222
What are good pet chelonians
Greek tortois, russian tortoise, sulcata tortoise, painted turtle, and reeve's turtle
223
What are common pet lizards
Bearded dragon, leopard gecko, and blue tongued skink
224
What are important aspects of enclosures for amphibians/reptiles
Escape proof, proper heat/humidity/substrate, easy to sanitize, and arboreal species need vertical orientated while terrestrial species need horizontal orientated
225
What are safe alternatives for enclosure substrate for amphibians or reptiles
Paper towels w/o dye, newspaper, artifical turf, outdoor carpeting, or large size bark mulch
226
What are unsafe things to use for enclosure substrate for amphibians or reptiles
Gravel, sand, crushed walnut shells, corn cob, and some bark mulch
227
What are the 2 forms of water that should be available depending on the species
Shallow bowl and drip/mist system
228
What species need a drip or mist system
Green iguanas and chameleons
229
What do inadequate temperatures inhibit in amphibian/reptile species
Immunity and digestion
230
What are different recommended heat sources for amphibians or reptiles
Incandescent lighting, ceramic radiant heat emitters, heat panels, and thermostatically controlled heat pad or tape
231
What lighting is recommended for most amphibian/reptilian species
Basking lights plus full spectrum lighting w/ UVB required for many species
232
What is the best source of UVB light
Unfiltered natural sunlight
233
What distance from the animal should fluorescent or incandescent light UVB emitting bulbs be from the animal
12 to 18 inches from the animal
234
What are omnivorous species of lizards
Bearded dragons and blue tongued skinks
235
What are herbivorous species of lizards
Green iguana and solomon island prehensile tailed skink
236
What are good vegetable items for lizards to maximize calcium intake
Kale, collards, endive, escarole, dandelion, clover, chicory, beet greens, and swiss chard
237
What kind of diet do most lizards have
Carnivorous
238
What can be fed to chelonians that eat meat
Earthworms, fish, killed rodents, insects, and commercial foods such as trout pellets
239
What should chelonians that are herbivores be fed
High fiber and high calcium diets
240
What vitamine is recommeded to be supplemented for most chelonians
Vitamin A
241
What is gut loading
Feeding powdered calcium w/ food or insects that are high in calcium
242
What dare clinical signs of hypervitaminosis A
Tissue swelling and loss of scales
243
How long should a new amphibian/reptiles be quarantined before introduced to others
2-3 months
244
What goes into annual physical examinations for reptiles/amphibians
Animal's growth and weight are measured, maintenance such as nail/beak trimming, several fecals a year, evaluate for signs of disease owners may miss, and review/modify husbandry
245
What can be used to restrain amphibians/reptiles during a physical examinations
Towels, hooks, clear plastic containers, tubes, cat gloves, or chemical restraint
246
How is weight assessed on amphibians/reptiles
Snout-vent length of lizards and snakes or carapace length for chelonians using a BCS scale of 1-9
247
What is palpated to determine the BCS of amphibians/reptiles
Palpate ribs, pectoral/pelvic girdles, and girth of tail
248
What does petechiae and ecchymoses indicate
Systemic infection/septicemia
249
What do we look at in amphibians/reptiles to evaluate cardiovascular
Electronic stethoscope or doppler over heart for HR, axilla in most species of lizards, thoracic inlet or over carotid artery of chelonians, and ventral surface of cranial 1/3 of body of snakes
250
What is important to remember when taking an amphibians/reptiles RR
They may hold their breath for several minutes so you should wait to take a RR until they are breathing normally
251
How do you asses hydration in amphibians/reptiles
MM< saliva consistency, wrinkled skin, lacks elasticity, and sunken eyes
252
How do you sex a snake
Use a metal probe or a rubber feeding tube lateral to the cloaca directly caudal to look for either blind diverticula or scent sacs (2-4 scales) or inverted hemipenis (6-8 scales) if its a male popping or eversion of hemipenes will occur
253
What is present on male iguanas and bearded dragons
Bilateral hemipenal bulges at ventral tail base
254
What are physical characteristics of a female chelonian
Larger, flat plastron, short/stubby front claws, short/skinny tail, and light coloration
255
What are characteristics of male chelonians
Smaller, concave plastron, longer front claws, long/thick tail, and darker coloration
256
When is the only time amphibians have sexual dimorphism
Many only in breeding season
257
What are possible zoonotic microorganisms that can be passed by amphibians/reptiles
Salmonella, pseudomonas, mycobacterium, cryptosporidium, and rickettsia
258
What are routes of sedation and anesthesia for amphibians/reptiles
IV, IM, transdermal or in water for amphibians, induction chamber, and maintenance on inhalant anesthesia
259
How long should amphibians/reptiles be in an induction chamber
10-30 mins in lizards and snakes and breath holding in chelonians and crocodilians
260
How do we maintain the anesthesia of amphibians/reptiles
Short endotracheal tube, catheter, non-crocodilians require a PPV, and an ETCO2 of 15-25 mmHg
261
What do we look at when doing amphibian/reptile hematology
PCV, WBC, differential count, parasites, and inclusions
262
How much blood can we pull from an amphibian/reptile
1% of body weight
263
What are things to remember when taking radiographs on amphibians/reptiles
Poor contrast due to lack of body fat and loss of fine detail due to highly keratinized features of reptiles
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How should rads of snakes be taken
When awake they can be coiled when anesthestized they should be in plastic restraint tubes
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How should rads of lizards be taken
Taped to table w/ cotton balls over their eyes
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How should rads be taken of chelonians
Taped on a container or plastron stand
267
What are common parasites in reptiles
Pinworms, nematodes, coccidia, protozoans, and trematodes
268
What is the maintenance fluid therapy rate for amphibians/reptiles
20 ml/kg/day
269
What are common fluids used for amphibian/reptile fluid therapy
Normosol-R, plasma-lyte, and reptile ringer's solution
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What are routes for fluid therapy
SQ, ICe, IV, IO, PO, and transcutaneous
271
What is dysecdysis and what are causes
Failure to shed can lead to sloughing around the digits and causes are dehydration so reducing lymphatic fluid available to separate the skin layers, low humidity/temp, malnourishment, old scars, lack of abrasive surfaces, ectoparasitism, and thyroid disease
272
What do mites look like and cause in amphibians/reptiles
Red to dark colored that like to hide under the overlapping edges of scales causing severe irritation, pruritus, self trauma, anemia, and dysecdysis
273
How can mites be treated
Permethrin and ivermectin
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What can hypovitaminosis A lead to
Eye abscesses, otitis, and pneumonia
275
What is metabolic bone disease
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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What are causes of metabolic bone disease in amphibians/reptiles
Poor diet such as low Ca:P or vitamin D3 deficiency or poor husbandry such as lack of UVB light
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What are clinical signs of metabolic bone disease
Anorexia, lethargy, inability to walk normally, swollen jaws and long bones, pathologic fractures, cloacal prolapse, and tetany
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How can metabolic bone disease be diagnosed
Rads to look for generalized demineralization and chemistry for hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
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What are treatments of metabolic bone disease
Fluids, calcium, phosphate binders, and correct the husbandry
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What is gout
High protein diet leads to chronic hyperuricemia and urate microcrystals in tissues or joints
281
What are treatments for gouts
Treat underlying disease, allopurinol reduces blood uric acid level, and euthanasia
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What is infectious stomatitis and what are clinical signs
Mouth rot that is secondary to oral injury presents w/ petechiae in oral cavity, caseous material along dental arcades, osteomyelitis, respiratory infection, and intestinal infection
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What bacteria causes infectious stomatitis
Aeromonas spp and pseudomonas
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What are treatment methods for infectious stomatitis
Surgical debridement, oral rinses, antibiotics, and supportive care
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What are causes of pneumonia
Aeromonas spp and pseudomonas spp can cause either respiratory or systemic, improper temp/humidity/ventilation, unsanitary conditions, concurrent disease, and malnutrition
286
What are clinical signs of pneumonia
Open-mouth breathing, nasal/glottal discharge, dyspnea, and may lead to septicemia
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What are treatment methods of pneumonia
Correct husbandry, antibiotics, nebulization, parenteral antibiotics, and vitamin A
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What is septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease common in and clinical signs
Common in aquatic chelonians and clinical signs are petechiae, pitted scutes, sloughing, and death
288
How is septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease treated
Debridement and systemic/topical antibiotics
289
How does thermal injury occur in amphibians/reptiles
They don't respond to thermal pain so they don't remove themselves from the heat source and can potentially lead to full thickness burns and death
290
What causes hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons
High fat diets
