Exam 4 Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
What pheromones are used in vet med
A
Boar pheromone, adaptil, feliway classic, and feliway friends
2
Q
What is boar pheromone used for
A
To determine if a sow is in heat by spraying towards the nose to watch for the mating reflex of lordosis (rigid posture, erect ears, and deviated tail)
3
Q
What is adaptil and what is it used for
A
For canine comfort specific puppies because it is an inter-mammary pheromone in lactating females
4
Q
What is feliway classic
A
Facial pheromones that are used for individual feline comfort
5
Q
What is feliway friends used for
A
To diffuse inter cat interactions
6
Q
What are corticosteriods used for
A
Inducing parturition w/ or w/o lutalyase to induce parturition depending on the species
7
Q
What is estradiol cypionate used for
A
Spay caused urinary incontinence in female dogs, preventing implantation of the blastocyst this has to be very well timed she can’t be used in proestrus or diestrus, and induces estrus in horses
8
Q
What are side effects of estradiol
A
Persistent signs of heat, bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, and pyometra
9
Q
What is diethylstilbestrol (DES) used for
A
Synthetic hormone used for USMI in dogs and prevents implantation
10
Q
What are side effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES)
A
Bone marrow suppression, anemia, and can be fatal
11
Q
What is oxytocin do and used for
A
Stimulates uterine contractions if receptors are present, used for dystocia, c-section (post op), and milk let down, and given every 15-30 mins for effect
12
Q
What must be present in order for oxytocin to be used
A
Repectors and an open reproductive tract
13
Q
What is ergot toxicosis
A
Fugus on rye grass that can cause uterine contraction
14
Q
What are ergot and fescue
A
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist which constricts peripheral blood vessels
15
Q
What are clinical signs of ergot and fescue toxicosis
A
Lameness, gangrenous loss of lower limbs, tails, ears, poor thermoregulation, decreased fertility, agalactia, early parturition (cattle), and delayed parturition (mares)
16
Q
What is PGF2-alpha used for
A
Estrus synchronization of ruminants and horses, induction/abortion in ruminants, swine, dogs, and cats, treatment of pyometra in dogs, potent luteolytic agent to start a new estrus cycle
17
Q
When should you not handle PGF2-alpha
A
If you are pregnant or asthmatic
18
Q
What is altrenogest (regu-mate)
A
Oral product for estrus synchronization in mares and gilts
19
Q
What is foal heat
A
First post-partum estrus 7-15 days after foaling, continues to cycle every 21 days, and extremely fertile unless complications during/after delivery
20
Q
What is a progesterone implants
A
CIDRs (controlled intravaginal drug release) is primarily used in ruminants for synchronizing estrus cycle often used w/ PGF2-alpha and GnRH
21
Q
What is mibolerone (Cheque drops) used for
A
This oral steroid prevents LH release to prevent ovulation and estrus
22
Q
What are side effects of mibolerone (cheque drops)
A
Hepatotoxicity, vaginitis, and clitoral hypertrophy
23
Q
What is megestrol acetate (ovaban) used for
A
Oral product that suppresses estrus and treat false pregnancy
24
Q
What are the side effects of megestrol acetate (ovaban)
A
Increased appetite, weight gain, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, diabetes mellitus, and mammary and uterine tumors
25
What is zinc gluconate (zeuterin) used for
An injection into puppy testicle for permanent sterility at 3-10 months old but testosterone is still produced
26
What are the chromosomes found in male and female birds
Males are homogametic w/ 2 Z chromosomes and females are heterogametic w/ 1 W and 1 Z chromosomes
27
What replaces a diaphragm in birds
Coelomic cavity w/ air sacs in the coelomic cavity that take up 1/5 of the birds body volume
28
What is the avg body temp of birds
104-106 F
29
What makes birds vision unique
They have more rods and cones so they can see into the UV spectrum
30
What is an example of a pneumatic bone in birds
The femur
31
What is the avg resting HR of a parrot
250 bpm
32
What is another name for parakeets
Budgerigars aka budgies
33
What are the sexual dimorphism in budgies
In males the cere (nares) are bright blue while in females they are more grey/white
34
What is the sexual diamorphism in eclectus
Males are green and females are red/purple
35
What are the main external structures of birds
Cere (nares), beak is an extension of the upper mandible (has joints), lower mandible, crown, nape, crop, claws, vent, and feathers
36
What are the characterisitics of avian skin
Epidermis is comprised of keratin and the dermis they have CT, fat, smooth muscle, erector, and depressor muscles
37
What do erector muscles do in birds
Lifts feathers
38
What do depressor muscles do in birds
Lowers their feathers
39
What is the preen gland
On the base of the tail produces a oily fatty substance to maintain a water proof feathers
40
What avians lack preen glands
Ostriches, doves, pigeons, and amazon parrots
41
What are the functions of the beak
Defense, prehension/eating food, cleaning/preening, movement, habitat building, and feeding young
42
How short can you trim claws in birds
1/4 to 1/2 a circle
43
What are feathers exactly
They are outgrowth of skin proteins
44
Why can feathers bleed
When they are growing their is a blood supply but that receeds to the base when fully grown
45
Where can feathers feel sensation
At the base
46
What are functions of feathers
Flight, protection, camouflage, communication, and thermoregulation
47
What are the anatomical feathers of a contour feather
Shaft w/ an umbillicus at the proximal end, downy barbs, afterfeather, distal umbillicus, vane is made of barbs (individual fibers that stick out), barbs have barbule, and barbules have hooklets
48
What type of feather is primarily used w/ flight
Contour
49
What are types of feathers
Contour, semiplume, down, filoplume, and bristle
50
What are the 3 types of contour feathers
Remiges (wing), rectrices (tail), and auriculars (ears)
51
What are semiplume feathers used for
Insulation, flexibility, and buoyancy these are found under the contour feathers and the barbs lack barbules but do have hooklets
52
What are down feathers used for
Insulation these lack rachis, barbules, and hooklets
53
What are filoplume feathers used for
Sensitive nerve endings for sensory input of contour feather movement on the nape or upper back these have a bare shaft except at the tip
54
What are bristles used for
These are sensitive to the touch, have stiff rachis, and few barbs at the base
55
What are powder down feathers
Abundant in birds w/o a uropygial gland these never stop growing, and have a disintegrate at tip w/ a waxy powder
56
What is pterylae
A specific tract or area of skin where feathers grow
57
What is apteria
Where no feathers grow
58
What is molting
Feather replacement that occurs once a year the pattern of which is species dependent to accommodate normal activity and is symmetrical
59
When do waterfowls mold annually
End of breeding season to beginning of migration
60
Where does feather growth occur
They originate from the papillae in the dermis
61
What determines the phenotype of feathers
Germs cells that are activated by physiologic and environmental factors that can be determined by the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and sex hormones
62
When does molting begin
When a new feather pushes old one out
63
What is the feather covered by as it grows
A soft shaft (the vane) that is covered by the periderm
64
How is the periderm removed from the soft shaft (the vane)
By preening
65
What is a growing feather
A blood feather because as it grows it has to draw a blood supply from the dermis
66
What do you do to a damaged blood feather
You pull the feather and treat it w/ pressure and a clotting agent to establish hemostasis
67
What things can cause feather damage
External parasites, daily wear and tear, and self inflicted
68
What is the external parasite on birds and where can they be found
Feather mites and can be found in the enclosure, bedding, nest, and feathers
69
What self infliction can cause feather damage in birds
Damage to the barbs/barbules, pull part of a feather, and pull whole feather out
70
What is the fault bar
The stress bar is the interruption of blood flow during growth indicating that something bad happens to it while it was developing
71
What can cause fault bar (stress bar)
Diet, stress, and fever
72
Why is the vane a weakened area
It lacks barbules
73
What is feather trimming
Cutting the mature primary feathers symmetrically to prevent them to lift off and glide to the floor this can be done by owners
74
Why do we sometimes leave the first 2-3 feathers when feather trimming
For cosmesis but they are more likely to become damaged
75
How do you hold a bird for feather trimming
Towel wrap and encircle the neck
76
What is the best way to trim a beak
Use nail trimmers to size it down but a dremmel is best for shapping
77
What do you have to be careful w/ when using a dremmel to trim a beak
Not to cause thermodamage and to keep the head loose incase the bird bites it
78
What are some causes of feather plucking
Diseases like feather cysts, parasites, allergies to environmental factors or food, emotional stress, boredom, liver disease, cancer, skin infection or inflammation, heavy metal toxicity, metabolic disease, malnutrition, dryness of the skin due to low humidity, dyes and preservatives in the food, disturbances in the normal light and dark cycles of the bird, and lack of natural sunlight and fresh air
79
What do you do when you get a feather plucking patient
Exam, bloodwork, evaluation of diet and environment, ensure there is a proper diet, 10-12 hrs of sleep nightly, adequate bathing, eliminate stressors, and enrich the environment, and we can use a collar or behavior modifying medication
80
How is the avian musculoskeletal system specialized
For walking, flying, and or swimming
81
How is the skeletal system of birds lighweight
Reduced number of bones, fusion of bones, reduced bone density, and loss of internal bone matrix and insertion of air sockets
82
What are unique things about the avian skull
The bones are thinner, the jaw extends as keratinized beak/bills, lower mandible hinges into quadrates, the lower manible is flexible, large eye sockets w/ a sclerotic ring, olfactory features are small but present, and auditory features are variable
83
What is the sclerotic ring
A ring of bone or cartilage that keeps the shape of the eye
84
How many cervical vertebrae are there in birds
11-25
85
How are thoracic ribs different in penguins
The rib cage is flexible for swimming
86
What are the uncinate process of the thoracic vertebraes in birds
They overlap adjacent ribs to provide stability
87
What is the notarium in the thoracic vertebrae
Fused first 2-6 vertebrae in some species
88
What is the synsacrum
Lumbar, sacral, and the first few coccygeal fused together this is rigid
89
How many coccygeal vertebrae do most birds have
About 12
90
What are the last few fused coccygeal vertebrae called
Pygostyle
91
What three bones comprise the shoulder girdle
Coracoid, scapula, and clavicle
92
What are the clavicles
The wishbones keep the shoulders separated
93
What muscle is responsible for flight
Supracoracoideus
94
What is the humerus in the wings
The pectoral crest that is the attachment of wing muscles these are longer in birds that glide or soar
95
How does the elbow move in the wing
It moves parallel to the wing
96
What is the significance of the ulna to the wing
The secondary flight feathers are attached here and it has a larger diameter than the radius
97
What is the patagium
A ligament along the cranial edge provides aerodynamics and elasticity to the wing and the bird is grounded if damaged
98
What consists the wrist of the wing
Radius, ulna, major metacarpal bone, and 2 accessory bones
99
What is the alula bone
Contains alula feathers for steering
100
What is significant of the metacarpal and digits to the wing
It is where the primary flight feathers grow
101
What are the pieces of the pelvic girdle in birds
Ilium is broad and fused to the synsacrum, ischium, and pubis that are both thin, long, and fused to the ilium directed caudally
102
Is the caudal aspect of the pelvis fused in birds
No this allows for room for internal organs and laying eggs
103
What are the pieces of the birds leg
Short wide femur directed forward at the knee, tibiotarsus, fibula that is splint, and a single tarsometatarsus
104
What trochanters are on the femur of birds
Greater and lesser
105
Is there a metatarsal pad on the bottom of the birds foot
Yes
106
What is the relationship between the number of the toe and with the number of joints on the toe
The number of the toe matches the number of joints in the toe so the rear toe has 1 joint making it the first digit
107
What is an anisodactyl
1 toe facing the rear and 3 facing forward
108
What are zygodactyl
2nd and 3rd toes are facing foward and 1st and 4th toes are facing the rear
109
What are zygodactyl birds have an opposable 4th toe
Owls and ospreys
110
What are red muscle fibers
Thin w/ high blood supply and mitochondria these are mostly found in the wings of distance flyers
111
What are white fibers
Thick w/ low blood supply, stores glycogen for energy, and are usually found in short distance fliers
112
What is the pectoralis major muscle
Larger more superficial that inserts on the underside of the humerus and is responsible of downstroke
113
What is the supracoracoideus muscle
Pectoralis minor that has a tendon that passes through the triosseal canal, inserts on the dorsal humerus, and is responsible for upstroke
114
What muscle is most often used for IM injections in birds
The pectoralis
115
What percentage of the birds weight is in the wing
20-25%
116
Where are most of the leg muscles in the bird
The thigh to control distal limb through the tendons
117
What is the perching reflex
A bent limb w/ the toes closed around the perch this is used to sleep
118
What is most pronounced muscle on the head
The jaw but that depends on the diet
119
What lets a birds neck be flexible
The muscle attaches to the fascia of the adjacent muscles
120
What is the hatching muscle
Its on the dorsal aspect on the head it is at the largest 1-2 days pre-hatching and it quickly atrophies
121
What are characterisitics of the avian brain
Large compared to the body size, large centers for vision/hearing, and small centers for tast/touch/smell
122
What eye shape does diurnal birds have
Flat or round
123
What eye shape does nocturnal birds have
Tubular w/ a large pupil
124
What type of species have lateral eye placement
Prey species
125
What type of species have binocular vision
Predator species
126
What lobe comprises the majority of avian brains
The optic lobes
127
What kind of muscle comprises a birds nictitating membrane
Striated muscle
128
What comprises the fibrous tunic
Sclera and cornea
129
What comprises the uveal tunic
Choroid, iris, and ciliary muscles
130
What type of muscle is the iris and ciliary muscles comprised of
Striated
131
What comprises the neural tunic
Retina and pecten that is attached the retina
132
What is the assumed function of the pecten
To distribute nutrition due to the decreased vascularity of the eye
133
What is unique about nocturnal birds photoreception
Nocturnal species have more rods than cones
134
What things increase the visual acuity of birds
Reduced number of blood vessels, 2x photoreceptors in the retina as other vertebraes, each cone connects to a single nerve fiber, contains a fovea, colored oil droplet in the cones of diurnal birds, and can see on the UV wavelength length
135
What is a fovea
Concentrated area of cones at the back of the eye
136
What species have a temporal fovea at the lateral aspect of the eye
Diurnal birds such as hawks, parrots, and hummingbirds
137
What is the difference in the oil droplet between diurnal and nocturnal birds
Nocturnal birds have clear oil droplets
138
What do birds use hearing for
Finding food, hiding from predators, defending territories, communication, and covered by auricular feathers
139
What are auricular feathers used for by birds
To control these to cover the ear or pinpoint sound
140
What is an operculum
The little flap of tissue that covers their ear hole
141
Why are nocturnal birds ears offset dorsoventrally
To help them triangulate prey
142
What is the relationship in position between a birds ears and eyes
Ears are caudoventral to eyes
143
What do auricular feathers lack
Barbules
144
What is the only bone in birds middle ear
The columella taps the cochlear window
145
What does the inner ear consist of
Membranous labyrinth and cochlea
146
What type of things can birds preceive by touch
Pain, heat, cold, and physical touch
147
What are the two types of nerve endings birds have
Grandry's corpuscle and herbst corpuscle
148
What is the Grandry's corpuscle
On the tongue and palate of species that dig for food
149
Where is the Herbst corpuscle
On the tongue, palate, beak, cloaca, legs, wings, uropygial gland, and base of primary flight feathers
150
What birds have a strong sense of smell
Turkey vultures, northern bobwhite quail, and albatrosses
151
Why do birds have a more rapid metabolism
So they can absorb 70-90% of the energy from food
152
What are the 2 parts of the stomach
Proventriculus and gizzard
153
What is the job of the salivary glands in the pharynx
To lubricate seeds, digest starch, build nests, or hold onto insects
154
What is the choanal cleft
The opening into the nasal passage then the pharynx
155
What side of the neck does the esophagus traverse on
The right side
156
What is the crop
The interclavicular space used for storage and lubrication that regulates passage of food to the stomach
157
What is the glandular stomach and what does it produce
The proventriculus produces pepsin and hydrochloric acid that maintains a pH of 0.7-2.5
158
What is unique about the gizzard
It contains ingested grit to breakdown the seeds/grains and produces undigested food into a pellet
159
Which liver lobe is bigger
The right lobe
160
What does the liver store, produce, and excrete
It stores fats and sugars, produces proteins and bile, and excretes wastes
161
What type birds have a larger pancreas
Fish and grain eaters
162
What are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas in birds
Produces digestive enzymes, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide that inhibits GI motility and satiety
163
Where is the pancreas located in birds
In the duodenum
164
What is the function of the ceca
Water reabsorption and bacterial fermentation
165
What species don't have a ceca
Hawks and parrots
166
What is the large intestine in birds
Segment from end of intestine to the cloaca that absorps water and minerals
167
What are the 3 segments of the cloaca
Coprodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum
168
What is the function of the coprodeum
Produces digestive waste
169
What is the function of the urodeum
Produces urinary waste and genital products
170
What is the function of the proctodeum
It stores excrement
171
What does the material from the cloaca exit through
The vent
172
What is mute
Dark fecal center w/ a ring of urates
173
What is a unique thermoregulation aspect of the avian circulatory system
If its hot it sends blood to the distal legs and if its cold it sends blood away from the distal legs and crouches down to cover the legs w/ the feathers
174
Where is the heart located in the avian
The cranial coelomic cavity
175
What countercurrent heat exchange occurs in the avian circulatory system
Venous blood and arterial blood vessels are adjacent to each other flowing in opposite directions
176
Where does the large pectoral artery deliver blood to
The flight muscles
177
Where does the brachial artery deliver blood to
The wings
178
What is the renal portal system in birds
A valve at the junction of the iliac vein and the renal vein delivering blood to either the kidney or the heart
179
What major vessel brings blood back to the body from the lower extremities
The iliac vein
180
What is the standard PCV for birds
35-55%
181
What is unique about avian erythrocytes and thrombocytes
They are nucleated
182
Where does erythropoiesis occur in songbirds
The spleen and liver
183
What is unique about avian leukocytes
Neutrophils are called heterophils
184
What species have a long colled trachea
Swans and cranes
185
What is the syrinx
An enlargement of the trachea above the sternum that is responsible for vocalization by vibrating membranes
186
What does vocalization complexity depend on
The number of muscles in the syrinx
187
Where does tracheal bifurcation occur in birds
At the sternum
188
What are characterisitics of avian bronchi
They have cartilage rings and pass through the ventral side of the lungs
189
What is the mesobronchi
It has no cartilage rings and terminates in the posterior air sacs where it breaks down into 4-6 ventrobronchi
190
What is constantly moving through the air capillaries
Fresh air
191
Where is the first place air goes to in the bird
To the caudal and abdominal air sac then it flows anteriorly until it exits the front of the bird
192
What are the 9 vascularized air sacs
4 paired cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, cervical, and abdominal and 1 interclavicular air sac
193
What percentage of birds air is in a reservoir
80% of respiratory volume
194
What are characterisitics of avian lungs
Attached to thoracic vertebrae and ribs, inelastic, and network of blood and air capillaries
195
What is the diverticular penetrate skeleton
Offset air sacs into various structures to help fight
196
What are the functions of respiratory volume
Reservoir, warm/moisturize air, thermoregulation, and buoyancy
197
How many inspirations and expirations move volume air through entirety of respiratory tract
2 inspirations and 2 expirations
198
What do the posterior air sacs do to the air
Warms and humidifies it
199
What percentage of oxygen does avian lungs always recieve
21%
200
What are the factors of birds respiratory rates
Species, size, age, sex, activity level, time of day, and outdoor temp
201
What are methods a bird can cool themselves
Panting or gular fluttering, strategic activity level, bathe, feather position, and defecate on legs
202
How do brids conserve heat
Countercurrent heat exchange, posture, shivering, and short term nocturnal torpor
203
When does gas exchange occur in birds
Exhalation 1 pushes the air from the posterior air sacs then inhalation 2 brings the air from the lungs to the anterior air sacs
204
What are toxic fumes to birds
Teflon, household cleaners such as bleach, mothballs, oil based paints/varnishes, and exhasut fumes
205
What are clinical signs of toxic fumes
Falling off perch, fluffed feathers, rales/raspy breathing, dyspnea, tail bobbing, and often fatal
206
Where are the kidneys located in birds
Dorsally near the synsacrum
207
How many divisions are each kidney broken into
3
208
What is missing from avian kidneys
The renal pelvis and some nephrons are unlooped
209
What are birds missing from the urinary tract
A bladder
210
What do ureters do in birds
Milks urates from the kidney to the urodeum that can be moved to the colon/ceca for further water reabsorption
211
Why is uric acid better for avian urine
It is more efficient at expelling nitrogen than urea, it is insoluble so it conserves water, and is safer for developing embryo
212
How is urine eliminated from the body
As mute w/ dark fecal material w/ a ring of urates
213
Which testicle is larger in birds
The left is larger
214
What produces seminal fluid in birds
Tubules in testes
215
What does sperm travel through to the seminal vesicles for storage
The vas deferens
216
Which ovary is non functional
The right ovary
217
What increases FSH in birds
Day length
218
What does LH do in birds
Stimulates discharge of an egg and development of interstitial cells
219
What stimulates behavior for copulation
Androgens produced by leydig cells
220
How do birds copulation
Some have an erectile penis that attaches to the cloacal wall to deposit sperm into vagina and some just stand w/ their cloacae close to each other and the sperm transfers then
221
What are the layers of the oviduct
Outer CT layer, middle muscular layer, and inner glandular layer
222
What are the functional parts of the oviduct
The infundibulum, magnum secretes albumin for the egg white, and isthmus deposits keratin for the shell membrane
223
What does the uterus do for egg production
Deposit watery albumin, hard external shell, and pigmentation
224
What are determinate egg layers
Have a specific number of follicles develop
225
What are indeterminate egg layers
Can produce more than normal clutch size and continue to lay if eggs disappear
226
What does prolactin do in birds
Increases broodiness and induces feather plucking
227
What are present for hatching
Hatching muscle and egg tooth
228
What are altricial chicks
Eyes closed and skin bare
229
What are semialtricial chicks
Down-covered, immobile, and +/- eyes open
230
What are precocial chicks
Down-covered, eyes open, and mobile leaving the nest w/in 2 days
231
What are semiprecocial chicks
Down-covered, open eyes, and can walk/swim but stays by the nest
232
What should be removed from a birds cage prior to an appt
Water, perches, and toys
233
What can abnormal droppings look like
Decrease in the total number or volume of droppings, color change of urates/urine, increase in the water content of the feces, increase in the urine production, and decrease in the feces volume
234
What are important things to ask when taking a birds history
Environment, diet, reproductive status, flying, previous illness, and clinical signs
235
What do we look at when the bird is in the cage
Stance, respiratoyr effort, and attitude
236
What is a common appearance for a sick bird
Eyes closed, feathers fluffed, lethargy, and tail bobbing
237
What are some early clinical signs of illness in birds
Broken/bent/picked/chewed feathers, unusual or dull feather color, stained feathers over nares or around face or vent, crusty material in or around nostrils, redness/swelling or loss of feathers around eyes and baldness, and flakiness on skin or beak
238
What are clinical signs that warrant immediate vet attention
Change in weight or BSC, enlargement or swelling, on the body, dyspnea, any bleeding or injury, vomiting or regurgitation, and discharge from nostrils, eyes, or mouth
239
What are routine diagnostics on birds
Fecal examination, cloacal and choanal cytology/culture, baseline bloodwork, serology, and radiology
240
What are different ways we examin bird fecals
Direct, flotation, and gram stain
241
What venipuncture site can be drawn from
Jugular vein (right), cutaneous ulnar vein (medial wing), and metatarsal vein (medial distal leg)
242
How much blood can we pull based on the body weight
1% of body weight in grams
243
How can meds be given to birds
Oral, IV, SQ, IM, IO, cloacal, and nebulization
244
What are characterisitcs of injectable induction anesthesia for birds
Dose response variable, non-reversible, difficult recovery, and higher risk
245
What are characterisitics of inhalant bird anesthesia
Predictable response, titrate to effect, rapid recovery, and lower risk
246
When do we typically use masks for procedures
When the procedures are around 15-20 mins long
247
What are seed based diets deficienct in
Calcium, vitamin A, iodine, and essential AA
248
What are seed based diets high in
Fat and CHO
249
What are optimal pet bird diets
Pellets are best, seeds, fresh unprocessed foods, and fresh water
250
What does vitamin A deficiency affect in the bird
Squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract, GIT, urinary tract, reproductive tract, and uropygial gland
251
What are clinical signs of vitamine A deficiency
Nasal discharge, sneezing, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, PU/PD, poor feather quality, feather picking, and plaques in mouth, eyes, and sinuses
252
How can vitamin A deficiency be diagnosed in birds
Dietary history, clinical signs, and biopsy
253
What is metabolic bone disease
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism due to inappropriate Ca:P
254
What are clinical signs of metabolic bone disease
Egg binding, thin shelled eggs, pathological fractures, unthriftiness, weakness, and seizures
255
How can metabolic bone disease be diagnosed
Exam, history, and blood Ca
256
What is egg binding
Dystocia of egg getting stuck
257
What are causes of egg binding
Chronic egg layers have a Ca deficiency, hypovitaminosis A, neoplasia, first time layer, genetics, obesity, diet, behavior, and husbandry
258
How can egg binding be diagnosed
Bloodwork and rads when stable
259
What are clinical signs of egg binding
A bird on the bottom of the cage, depression, closed eyes, bobbing tail, and dyspnea. The abdomen may be distended. An egg is not always palpable.
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What are treatments of egg binding
Heat, moisture, Ca, oxytocin, PGE, lubrication, anaglesia, and surgical
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What are obese birds prone to
Arthritis, hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, and cardiac disease
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What is egg yolk coelomitis
Sequela of chronic reproductive disease where the egg yolk and bacteria mix in the coelomic cavity leading to severe inflammatory reactions such as pancreatitis and yolk emboli
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How is egg yolk coelomitis diagnosed
CBC/chem, radiographs, ultrasound, endoscopy, and coelomocentesis
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What are treatment methods for birds w/ egg yolk coelomitis
Coelomocentesis, fluids, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and supportive care
