Exam 3

Question 1

hypervolemia

Answer 1

Plasma volume above normal

Question 2

hypovolemia

Answer 2

Plasma volume below normal

Question 3

normovolemia

Answer 3

Normal plasma level

Question 4

Plasma volume is directly related to ?

Answer 4

blood pressure

1 increases the other

Question 5

Osmotic equilibrium

Answer 5

• No net force for water to leave cells or enter them

- volumes of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid do not change

Question 6

Urea

Answer 6

-waste product generated by the liver

Question 7

Aquaporins

Answer 7

water channels or pores

Question 8

Aquaporin-3

Answer 8

present in basolateral membrane of principle cells at all time

Question 9

Aquaporins-2

Answer 9

present in the principle cells in the apical membrane only in presence of ADH

Question 10

hypernatremia

Answer 10

increase in plasma sodium levels to greater than normal

-accompanied by water retention and incision bp

Question 11

hyponatremia

Answer 11

decrease in plasma sodium levels to greater than normal

-associated with low plasma volume and hypotension

Question 12

What two hormones regulate sodium reabsorption

Answer 12

aldosterone

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 13

aldosterone

Answer 13

a steroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that regulates both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium

Question 14

renin

Answer 14

• Secreted from granular cells in the afferent arteriole

- A proteolytic enzyme

Question 15

what does renin do

Answer 15

acts on angiotensin I

-interacts with ACE to century to angiotensin II

Question 16

angiotensin II

Answer 16

• vasoconstrictor
• stimulates aldosterone release
• acts in hypothalamus
• stimulates ADH

Question 17

where is aldosterone released

Answer 17

adrenal cortex

Question 18

Hyperkalemia

Answer 18

increase in plasma protein

Question 19

Hyperkalemia symptoms

Answer 19

Cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness and cramps

Dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea

Question 20

hypokalemia

Answer 20

decrease in plasma protein

Question 21

hypokalemia

Answer 21

Cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness and tenderness

Hypotension, confusion, alkalosis, and shortness of breath

Question 22

how does aldosterone regulate potassium secretion

Answer 22

increases the number of Na+/K+ pumps on the basolateral membrane in principal cells lining the late distal tubules and collecting ducts

Question 23

Hypercalcemia

Answer 23

increase in plasma calcium

Question 24

hypercalcemia symptoms

Answer 24

Muscle weakness and atrophy, lethargy, behavioral changes, hypertension, constipation, nausea

Question 25

hypocalcemia

Answer 25

decrease plasma calcium

Question 26

hypocalcemia symptoms

Answer 26

Numbness and tingling sensations, muscle cramps and spasms, exaggerated reflexes, and hypotension

Question 27

how is calcium transported

Answer 27

Calcium is transported in blood both bound to carrier proteins and free in the plasma

Question 28

where is calcium reabsorbed

Answer 28

renal tubules.

Question 29

calcitonin effects

Answer 29

decreases plasma calcium level (by increasing bone formation) -decreases reabsorption

Question 30

what is calcitonin

Answer 30

a peptide hormone secreted from C cells of the thyroid gland, which are distinct from the cells that secrete thyroid hormone

Question 31

what does a hemorrhage result in

Answer 31

a decrease in blood volume, which decreases venous pressure and, therefore, decreases venous return. -which decreases SV and MAP

Question 32

normal acid-base range of the blood

Answer 32

7.38-7.42

Question 33

what is a decrease in blood pH called

Answer 33

acidosis | less than 7.35

Question 34

what is an increase in blood pH called

Answer 34

alkalosis | pH of high than 7.45

Question 35

how does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance

Answer 35

regulating CO2 levels (which is a source of acid)

Question 36

respiratory acidosis

Answer 36

Arterial PCO2 rises, leading to an increase in carbonic acid levels and an increase in the blood’s hydrogen ion concentration

Question 37

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 37

PCO2 to decreases, which leads to a decrease in the blood’s carbonic acid concentration and the hydrogen ion concentration

Question 38

what can lead to respiratory alkalosis

Answer 38

hyperventilation (an alveolar ventilation rate that is inappropriately high)

Question 39

what can lead to respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

lung diseases (interfere with the exchange of carbon dioxide between the blood and alveolar air) or from hypoventilation

Question 40

metabolic acidosis causes

Answer 40

excess elimination from the body of alkaline substances (bicarbonate), excess production of acid in metabolism, or excess consumption of acids

Question 41

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 41

excess elimination of acids from the body or the addition of alkaline substances to the blood

Question 42

defense mechanisms against acid-base disturbances

Answer 42

1) buffering of hydrogen ions 2) respiratory compensation 3) renal compensation

Question 43

how does buffering of hydrogen atoms help acid-base disturbances

Answer 43

through binding or lease of hydrogen ions by substances that are present in blood/fluids

Question 44

how does respiratory compensation help acid-base disturbances

Answer 44

adjusts the rate at which CO2 is cleared from the blood via elimination of the lungs

Question 45

how does renal compensation help acid-base disturbances

Answer 45

adjusts rate at which hydrogen atoms are secreted and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed by renal tubules

Question 46

primary kidney functions

Answer 46

- regulate plasma ion conc - regulate plasma volume and bp - regulate plasma osmolarity - regulate pH - regulate removal of wastes, foreign substances

Question 47

secondary kidney functions

Answer 47

-secrete erythropoietin and renin -activate vitamin D maintain supply of glucose by gluconeogensis

Question 48

what does erythropoietin do

Answer 48

stimulates erythrocyte production by bone marrow

Question 49

what does renin do

Answer 49

necessary for production of angiotensin II | -regulates salt and water balance

Question 50

what does vitamin D3 do

Answer 50

regulate blood Ca and phosphate levels