Exam 4 Flashcards
(282 cards)
1
Q
motility
A
is the pattern of smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
2
Q
secretion
A
is the movement of a substance from the internal environment to the external environment by transport across the epithelium
3
Q
absorption
A
is the movement of a substance from the external environment to the internal environment by transport across an epithelium
4
Q
digestion
A
is the breakdown of nutrient molecules that are present in food to smaller molecules by enzymes in the lumen of the digestive tract
5
Q
mastification
A
is the technical word for chewing
6
Q
defecation
A
is the process where fecal material is removed from the body
7
Q
emulsification
A
- process whereby bile salts breakdown fat globules into smaller droplets
- increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes
8
Q
Chief cells
A
secrete pepstinogen into the lumen of the stomach
9
Q
G cells
A
line the lumen of the stomach and secrete gastrin into the bloodstream
10
Q
Parietal cells
A
- secrete hydrogen ions (acid) into lumen of the stomach
- produce intrinsic factor
- Carbonic anhydrase is located in the lumen of the sm. intestine
11
Q
Neck cells
A
- in the gastric pits
- secrete mucous into the lumen of the stomach
12
Q
Secretory cells in the Crypts of Lieberkuhn
A
secrete succus entericus, a bicarbonate rich fluid, into the lumen of the small intestine
13
Q
amylase
A
- catalyzes reactions with polysaccharides
- responsible for degrading disaccharides and limit dextrins are located in brush border of the sm. intestine
14
Q
sucrase
A
- substrate: Sucrose
- found in apical membrane of enterocytes
- hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose
15
Q
chymotrypsin
A
-cleaves proteins
16
Q
lipase
A
- disassembles lipids
- degrades triglycerides into monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids which can be readily exchanged in lumen with micelles
17
Q
dextrinase
A
- found in the apical membrane of enterocytes
- break down limit dextrins and strait-chain glucose polymers to glucose monomers
- found with glucoamylase
18
Q
lactase
A
- found in the apical membrane of enterocytes
- hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose
19
Q
maltase
A
- found in the apical membrane of enterocytes
- hydrolyzes maltose to two glucose molecules
20
Q
pepsinogen
A
digestion of proteins begins in the stomach with the activation of the zymogen
21
Q
aminopeptidase
A
enzyme responsible for cleavage of the amino acid at the amine portion of the peptide fragment
22
Q
trypsin
A
enzyme that activates procarboxypeptidase
23
Q
enterokinase
A
enzyme that cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin
24
Q
ampulla of vator
A
is the structure at which the flow of bile from the liver and juices from the exocrine pancreas converge
25
sphincter of oddi
composed of smooth muscle between the ampulla of Vater and the duodenum
26
ileocecal sphincter
composed of smooth muscle between the small and large intestine
27
internal anal sphincter
composed of smooth muscle between the anus and the external environment
28
external anal sphincter
composed of skeletal muscle between the anus and the external environment
29
pyloric sphincter
composed of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum
30
upper esophageal sphincter
composed of skeletal muscle between the pharynx and esophagus
31
lower esophageal sphincter
composed of smooth muscle between the esophagus and stomach
32
Gastrin
- stimulates gastric secretion and motility
- regulated by proteins and protein digestion products in stomach; distenstion of stomach; and parasympathetic input to stomach
33
secretin
- stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (and enzyme secretion, to a lesser extent
- secretion regulated by acid content of the duodenum
- hormone that stimulates bile secretion in the liver
34
Cholecystokinin
- stimulates gall bladder contraction
- secretion regulated by protein digestion products and fat presence in the duodenum
- facilitates digestion of fats by stimulation of gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
35
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
- predominant hormone to inhibit gastric secretion and motility in response to distension of duodenum
- secretion regulated by glucose, fats, or acid in duodenum
36
intestine-intestinal reflex
protects the small intestine by inhibiting contractions while the intestines are injured or severely distended
37
gastroileal reflex
stimulates the motility of the ileum in response to the presence of chime in the stomach
38
defecation reflex
is stimulated by distension of the rectum
39
swallowing reflex
is initiated by the propelling of food to the back of the mouth with the tongue
40
The products of fat degradation are absorbed in the small intestines by
simple diffusion
41
Lipids are absorbed by ____________ and then packaged as chylomicrons into lacteals. Monoglycerides and free fatty acids that arent immediately transported into luminal enterocytes aggregate into micelles in sm. intestine lumen
simple diffusion
42
Vitamin B12 is absorbed through ______________ in the ileum through complexing with intrinsic factor
facilitated diffusion
43
The absorption of sodium through the small intestine is driven by ____________ and is typically linked to absorption of chloride
active transport
44
In the jejunum, bicarbonate is absorbed by ______________, while in the ileum and colon, bicarbonate is secreted
simple diffusion
45
Fat-soluble vitamins do not require interaction with a protein in the intestinal tract to be absorbed by
simple diffusion
46
The absorption of glucose involves secondary ______________ across the apical membrane and facilitated diffusion across the basolateral membrane
active transport
47
The absorption of fructose across the apical membrane of the luminal epithelial cells occurs through
facilitated diffusion
48
Many individual amino acids enter the epithelial cells that line the lumen of the digestive tract via sodium-linked secondary ____________ (cotransport with sodium)
active transport
49
For calcium to be absorbed by _____________, it must bind to calcium-binding protein (calbindin) a hormone-regulated brush border protein
facilitated transport
50
Enterocytes secrete transferrin into the lumen of the small intestine so that iron can be absorbed by
facilitated transport
51
what are carbs transported as in the bloodstream
glucose
52
what are proteins transported as in the bloodstream
amino acids
53
what are lipids transported as in the bloodstream
lipoproteins
54
provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue
proteins
55
When ______________ are consumed, they can be used to produce energy or converted to glycogen for storage
carbs
56
Lipoprotein lipase in an enzyme located on capillary endothelial cells that breaks down triglycerides which are a form of ________________
lipids
57
the storage of _______________ mainly occurs in adipocytes
lipids
58
hyperglycemia
abnormally high level of glucose in the blood
59
Hyperlipidemia
excess of fatty acids and other lipids in the blood
60
Ketosis
elevated ketone levels in the blood
61
Glucosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
62
Hypothermia
caused by prolonged exposure to a cold environment
63
Hyperthermia
caused when heat production exceeds heat loss
64
Radiation
process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through electromagnetic waves
65
Conduction
process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through direct contact with a solid body. It occurs when a person sits on a metal chair on a cold day, they feel the cold of the metal
66
Evaporation
example of loss of heat by conversion of a liquid to a vapor
67
Convection
movement of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid carrying the heat. Wind chill is the result of this transferring heat away from your body due to the movement of air
68
The growth-promoting functions of _____________________ rely partially on the activity of insulin-like growth factors
Growth hormone
69
The liver secretes ______________________into the bloodstream
Insulin-like growth factors
70
Somatostatin is also known as __________________
growth hormone inhibiting factor
71
The secretion ____________________ of is stimulated by a decrease in plasma glucose concentration
Growth hormone releasing factor
72
release is enhanced by stress, exercise, sleep, and increased plasma amino acid
Growth factor
73
Crystals called ___________________ give bone a mineral component that is able to withstand compressive forces
hydroxyapatite
74
An organic compound called ________________ gives bone its ability to withstand tensile forces
osteoid
75
cell type that resorbs bone during remodeling
osteoclast
76
cell type that deposits bone during remodeling
osteoblasts
77
produce osteoid
osteoblasts
78
cell type surrounded by calcified bone and secretes matrix to support bone
osteocyte
79
in bone function to provide nutrients to cells embedded within the rigid bone matrix.
gap junction
80
release enzymes that degrade the osteoid
osteoclast
81
In the young, the _______________ is composed of cartilage, which plays an important role in the elongation of bone during growth
epiphyseal plate
82
The increase in bone thickness stimulated by ____________________ involves increased osteoblast activity on the outer surface of the bone and increased osteoclast activity on the inner surface of bone
growth hormone
83
form cartilage
chondrocytes
84
Sex hormones trigger ________________ closure
epiphyseal plate
85
Dwarfism is caused by decreased stimulation of _____________________ secretion, decrease responsiveness of tissues to growth hormone, insufficient production of insulin-like growth factors, and defective growth hormone receptors
growth hormone
86
The hormone ________________ is permissive for the regulation of growth due to its stimulation of insulin-like growth factor secretion
insulin
87
inhibit growth
glucocorticoids
88
Type of DM may result in hyperglycemia
DM type 1 and 2
89
Type of DM may result in polyuria
DM type 1 and 2
90
Type of DM is caused by damage to beta cells of the pancreas
type 1 DM
91
Type of DM is most common form of diabetes mellitus
type 2 DM
92
What type of cells do DM damage
beta cells
93
Type of DM is caused by inadequate insulin secretion
Type 1 DM
94
Type of DM can occur secondary to obesity, while obesity can also occur secondary to it
Type 2 DM
95
Type of DM in which the age of onset has traditionally been thought to be in people over 40 years of age, but occurrence in children is found to be increasing, indicating a reduction in the average age of onset
Type 2 DM
96
Type of DM is caused by a decreased response in tissues to insulin
Type 2 DM
97
The subclass of type 1 DM that is an autoimmune disorder that attacks beta cells of the pancreas
Type 1a DM
98
The subclass of type 1 DM that attacks antigens of proinsulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine phosphorylase-like protein, zinc transporter 8, and other proteins in the islets of Langerhans
Type 1a DM
99
The subclass of type 1 DM that is also called idiopathic type 1 DM, it is the form that involves destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1b DM
100
stimulates lipolysis and gluconeogenesis, it also increases blood fatty acid levels and ketone production
epinephrine
101
is a chemical messenger that induces the sensation of feeling full (satiety)
insulin
102
acts on thirst centers in the anterior hypothalamus to trigger polydipsia
angniotensin II
103
is a non-enzymatic glycosylation protein marker used for measuring the one-to-three-month average of blood glucose levels
hemoglobin
104
symptoms include dehydration, fruity odor to breath, polyuria, and electrolyte imbalance
ketoacidosis
105
symptoms include blurred vision, hunger, tingling sensation, anxiety, and confusion.
hypoglycemia
106
is the glucose polyol
sorbitol
107
is the term for excessive urination
polyuria
108
is the term for excesive thirst
polydipsia
109
is the term for excessive eating
polyphagia
110
first enzyme of glycolysis that has a great affinity for glucose
hexokinase
111
are proteins that have been glycosylated through a non-enzymatic process known as glycosylation
advanced glycosylation end-products (AGEs)
112
production of ketones
ketogenesis
113
disease of the cardiac muscle that weakens the heart, it is characterized by a reduction in the contractility of the cardiac muscle which leads to a decreased stroke volume
cardiomyopathy
114
heart attack without pain
Silent myocardial ischemia
115
blood levels are decreased by diabetes mellitus
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
116
probably causes blood vessel damage primarily through shear stress on the blood vessel due to elevated pressure
DM type 1
117
probably causes blood vessel damage through decreased nitric oxide release from endothelial cells
DM type 2
118
weak bulge in the wall of a small blood vessel
microaneurysm
119
development of new blood vessel
angiogenesis
120
have an early indicator marked by proteinuria (presence of proteins in the urine)
Nephropathies
121
occurs as nephropathy progresses, it is when the kidneys fail and dialysis or kidney transplant is essential to sustain life
end-stage renal disease
122
abnormal sensation of the skin such as tingling or numbness
Paresthesia
123
unpleasant sensation produced by innocuous stimuli
Dysethesia
124
generally affect the peripheral nervous system
neuropathies
125
occurs to compensate for the decrease in blood flow due to blockage of blood vessels, however these new blood vessels are weak and leaky, causing blurred vision and possibly blindnes
angiogenesis
126
leading cause of adult-onset blindness in the United States
diabetic retinopathy
127
causes mesangial cells to secrete excess extracellular matrix in kidneys under hyperglycemic conditions
Protein kinase C
128
primary protein that appears in the urine with nephropathy
albumin
129
damage to the blood vessels of the eye
diabetic retinopathy
130
triggers the release of paracrines that cause vasodilation, which increases blood flow into the glomerulus
Protein kinase C
131
Transforming growth factor beta and platelet-derived growth factor are released by platelets during hemostasis to promote
inflammation phase of wound healing
132
Fibroblasts lay down the new extracellular matrix as the wound heals during
proliferation phase of wound healing
133
Macrophages are the first cell type on the scene during the
inflammation phase of wound healing
134
Collagen becomes organized and cross-linked during the
remodeling phase of wound healing
135
Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose debris in the area of the wound during the
inflammation phase of wound healing
136
Fibroblasts secrete collagen as a wound heals during the
proliferation phase of wound healing
137
Keratinocytes are the epidermal cells that proliferate to cover the opening of a wound during th
proliferation phase of wound healing
138
Neutrophils arrive to the wound area by chemotaxis and assist in fighting the infection through secreting cytokines during the
inflammation phase of wound healing
139
Dietary control of diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 includes limiting the intake of
carbs
140
primary medicine for regulating diabetes mellitus type 1
exogenous insulin
141
diabetes medication that stimulates insulin release from beta cells of the pancreas
sulfonylureas
142
medication that decease blood glucose levels by inhibiting digestion of carbohydrates in the small intesti
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
143
medicine for treatment of diabetes that sensitizes tissue to insulin
thiazolidinediones
144
medication whose mechanism of action is to inhibit brush border enzymes that hydrolyze disaccharides, trisaccharides, and oligosaccharides to glucose/other monosachharides, thereby decreasing absorption of glucose
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
145
medication whose mechanism of action is in reducing glucose production in the liver and increasing the sensitivity of receptors to insulin
biguanides
146
must be injected into patients w/ DM type 1 as opposed to oral administration because the insulin is a peptide that would be degraded in GI tract and would therefore only be absorbed as individual a.a.
exogenous insulin
147
drug class used originally to treat typhoid fever during World War II and is now used to treat DM type 2
sulfonylureas
148
process whereby gametes from each parent fuse to produce a new cell
fertilization
149
Autosomes are described as ________________ because they are formed into matching pairs
homologous
150
process where portions of homologous chromosomes exchange segments with one another
crossing over
151
After the second mitotic division, each cell contains a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on one sister ____________
chromatid
152
general term for the primary reproductive organs, are responsible for secretion of estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone in females
gonads
153
function is to secrete fluids into the reproductive tract and transport gametes
accessory reproductive organs
154
Sex determination of a fetus is controlled by the production of _______________, which is coded for by the srY gene found on the sex chromosome
testis determening factors
155
The absence of __________________ in the fetus will further the development of the Mullerian ducts into the female reproductive trac
Mullerian inhibiting substance
156
structure that conducts sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
157
functions to secrete an alkaline fluid containing fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins into the ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle
158
chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
autosomes
159
chromosomes that determine an individual's sex, two types X and Y chromosomes
sex chromosomes
160
used to describe gametes because they contain only a single set of 23 chromosomes (designated as n)
haploid
161
used to describe most cells of the body because they contain two sets of 23 chromosomes (designated as 2n), which represents the chromosome number in a zygote (fertilized ovum)
diploid
162
different variations of the same gene
alleles
163
During sex differentiation, the presence of ___________________ stimulates the development of the Wolffian duct
testosterone
164
Sperm is produced in the __________ of the testes
seminiferous tubules
165
unctions to maintain a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates development of sperm and protects sperm from the immune system
blood-testis barrier
166
The volume of blood within the ________________ increases during sexual arousal, causing the penis to become erect
erectile tissue
167
unctions to keep the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for optimal sperm development
scrotum
168
functions to secrete several enzymes and citrate into the urethra during ejaculation
prostate gland
169
functions to maintain steady levels of androgens in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
androgen-binding protein
170
Enzymes that facilitate entry of sperm into the ova are contained within the _______________ of the spermatozoa
acrosome
171
during spermatogenesis, only the _____________________ are haploid cells that require further differentiation in order to become functional spermatozoa
spermatids
172
Sperm acquire motility after they undergo further maturation in the ________________
epididymis
173
During ejaculation, the epididymis, vas deferens, _______________, and skeletal muscles at the base of the penis contract
ejaculatory duct
174
mixture of sperm with fluid from the ___________________ and prostate gland is called semen
seminal vesicle
175
secrete a viscous mucus just prior to ejaculation
bulbourethral gland
176
Sperm move by the flow of luminal fluid and _______________ from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
peristalsis
177
Spermatogenesis is directly stimulated by both __________________ and testonsterone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
178
hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males
testosterone
179
Inhibin is secrete from the sertoli cells and acts to reduce the secretion of __________________ from the anterior pituitary gland
FSH
180
triggers increased protein synthesis in muscle at puberty
testosterone
181
The purpose of _____________________ in males is the secretion of androgens form the Leydig cells
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
182
hormone responsible for the secretion of a thick oil by sebaceous gland
testosterone
183
triggers the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
testosterone
184
is the neurotransmitter released from parasympathetic nerves to dilate the penile arterioles to increase blood flow to the erectile tissue
nitric oxide
185
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and _____________ stimulate the growth and development of sperm indirectly by binding to Sertoli cells
testosterone
186
Erectile function requires an increase in ___________________ nervous activity
parasympathetic
187
Ejaculation involves increases in _______________ nervous activity
sympathetic
188
release androgens in females
theca cells
189
stimulate androgen synthesis in both males and females
lutuenizing hormone (LH)
190
provides negative feedback to FSH secretion, but not LH, in both males and females
inhibin
191
stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
192
Androgens are initially synthesized by the _______________ and then converted to a second macromolecule estrogen by the granulosa cells
theca cells
193
Sperm development order
Spermatogonia-> Primary spermatocyte-> Secondary spermatocyte-> Spermatid->Spermatozoa
194
secrete fluid into the lumen of seminiferous tubules to support sperm development and transport
Sertoli cells
195
provide nutrients for the developing sperm
Sertoli cells
196
secrete antral fluid
granulosa cells
197
secrete paracrines that support follicle developmen
granulosa cells
198
secrete paracrines that stimulated spermatogenesis
sertoli cells
199
provide nutrients for the developing oocyte
granulosa cells
200
responsible for the synthesis and secretion of testosterone and other androgens
leydig cells
201
form blood-testis barrier
sertoli cells
202
secrete estrogens
granulosa cells
203
secrete a substance that forms the zona pellucida
granulosa cells
204
secrete androgen-binding protein into the lumen of seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells
205
secrete mullerian inhibiting substance in fetal life
sertoli cells
206
Spermatogonia are located at the basement membrane-_________________ interface
sertoli cells
207
secrete paracrines that support oogenesis
granulosa cells
208
secrete Mullerian inhibiting substance
sertoli cells
209
Within the ovaries, each follicle contains a single ______________
oocyte
210
Mature ova develop from a pool of ______________ that are fixed at about 2-4 million at birth with a fraction of that number developing into mature ova
oogonia
211
Each ova is embedded within a _______________ with only a small proportion advancing beyond the primordial follicle
follicle
212
outer layer of the uterus, made up of peritoneal serous coat supported by a thin layer of connective tissue
perimetrium
213
smooth muscle making up most of the uterine wall thickness
myometrium
214
follicle in its earliest stage of development is called a _______________ and contains an oogonia
primordial follicle
215
What makes up the birth canal
vagina and cervical canal
216
where does fertilization occur
uterine tubes
217
secretes a lubricating fluid into the vagina that facilitates the entry of the penis during copulation
vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
218
Each oocyte remains under meiotic arrest, the pause in oogenesis that occurs between birth until just befor
ovulation
219
The second meiotic division in oogenesis occurs when the ovum has been _____________ yielding an ovum, which receives most of the cytoplasm, and a second polar body, which degenerates
fertilized
220
During ______________, the follicle with the oocyte is pressed tight against the ovary wall and bursts
ovulation
221
The migration of sperm into the uterus, on their way to contact the ovum, is facilitated by the secretion of a thin mucus into the
cervical canal
222
During menopause there is a reduction in estrogen release that results in loss of ____________, decreased breast size, and an increased risk for both heart disease and osteoporosis
ovulation
223
Ciliary action and _________________ move the oocyte through the uterine tube
peristalsis
224
As a follicle develops into the Graffian follicle, the _____________ continues to increase in size until the fluid's pressure causes the follicle to burst at ovulation
antrum
225
develops when the follicles are in the preantral stage
zona pellucida
226
are granulosa cells that collect the oocyte to the wall of the Graffian follicle
cumulus oophorus
227
Both follicle stimulating hormone and ____________ stimulates follicle growth
estrogens
228
The __________________ is the follicular structure that contains the secondary oocyte
Graafian follicle
229
The ruptured follicle is then transformed into a gland called the ______________, which secretes estrogens, progesterone and inhibin
corpus luteum
230
The hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a loss of progesterone secretion from the
corpus luteum
231
triggers ovulation in females
luteinizing hormone (LH)
232
inhibits uterine contractions
progesterone
233
The decrease in secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during pregnancy is regulated primarily by
progestrone
234
The activity of smooth muscle cells of the myometrium is regulated by __________, which increases the responsivness of the myometrium to the hormone oxytocin
estrogen
235
suppresses the contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle cells
progesterone
236
promotes the growth of uterine smooth muscle cells
estrogen
237
promotes the secretion of prolactin
estrogen
238
promotes the deposition of fatty tissues in the breast
estrogen
239
promotes the growth of glandular tissue in the breasts
progesterone
240
promotes the development of tissue that carries milk to the nipples
estrogen
241
promotes the maintenance of thickened endometrium
progesterone
242
promotes the maintenance of thickened myometrium
progesterone
243
The production of milk is stimulated by release of _______________________ from the hypothalamus
prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
244
The ejection of milk that occurs while the infant is suckling is mediated by _____________-induced myoepithelial cell contraction
oxytocin
245
is found in breast milk in the first one or two days after birth, it is a watery fluid containing a vast array of proteins but few other nutrients
colostrum
246
The ____________________ is the part of the blastocyst that develops into the fetus
inner cell mass
247
Fetal release of _______________________ appears to be partially responsible for stimulating parturition
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
248
stimulate uterine contraction and the softening of the cervix so it can dilate
prostglandins
249
stimulates the uterus directly to cause contractions and indirectly by stimulating the release of prostaglandins from myometrial cells which locally cause uterine contractions as well
oxytocin
250
The ripening of the cervix in the weeks prior to parturition involves the enzymatic breakdown of ___________ fibers in its connective tissue
collagen
251
The secretion of estrogen and progesterone by corpus luteum during pregnancy is maintained by __________ until corpus luteum degenerates and placenta takes over secretion of these hormones
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
252
Once diffusion from endometrium becomes inadequate for delivery of oxygen, the placenta develops from projections of the _____ into endometrium, which facilitates exchange of nutrients/waste by the short distance between maternal and fetal blood
chorionic villi
253
The ______ functions to cushion the developing embryo against physical trauma
amniotic fluid
254
The _____ forms from both the chorionic villi and endometrial tissue of the mother
placenta
255
Monozygotic twins develop from the splitting of the morula while cells are still
totipotent
256
Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium results from trophoblast secretion of enzymes and paracrines that initiates the
decidual response
257
A ____ is a round ball of cells, that develops by cell cleavage, and forms a fluid filled sac around the developing embryo
morula
258
Inactivation of sperm-binding proteins in the zona pellucida and hardening of the zona pellucida prevents
polyspermy
259
polyspermy
when egg fertilizes more than one sperm
260
Sperm are unable to fertilize the egg upon entry into vagina and must undergo _____, allowing them to more readily adhere to the ovum, which facilitates fertilization
capacitation
261
phase of the ovarian cycle corresponding with the menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle
follicular phase
262
phase of the uterine cycle following the proliferative phase in which there is even more enlargement of the endometrial glands
secretory phase
263
phase where a surge in plasma luteinizing hormone that occurs at the beginning of the _____________ triggers both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
luteal phase
264
phase of the uterine cycle in which the endometrium is enriched with more arterial branches
secretory phase
265
phase of ovarian cycle in which 1 follicle (the dominant follicle) will continue to develop b/c its cells maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH level
follicular phase
266
phase of the uterine cycle in which there is an increased viscosity of secretions from cervical glands
secretory phase
267
secretory activity of anterior pituitary begins to change during late _____ (estrogen reverses its neg feedback control on LH release, changing over to a positive feedback loop which increases the release of LH)
follicular phase
268
elevated plasma concentration of estrogen early in ________ has little effect on the secretion of luteinizing hormone because progesterone strongly inhibits LH release
luteal phase
269
In the uterine cycle, the ________________ is promoted by estrogen
proliferative phase
270
changes in the uterus that occur during the ______ of the uterine cycle are mediated by increased progesterone from corpus luteum
secretory phase
271
reduction in progesterone/estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the___ is responsible for stimulating follicular development through stimulating the release of FS
follicular phase
272
absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the _________ of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the corpus luteum
menstrual phase
273
secretion of paracrine by the granulosa cells that stimulates the completion of meiosis I is a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) during the late
follicular phase
274
decrease in estrogen secretion by granulosa cells and the secretion of enzymes by the granulosa cells that degrades the follicle wall is a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by LH during the late
follicular phase
275
onset of differentiation of granulosa cells into the corpus luteum is a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by LH during the late
follicular phase
276
phase of the uterine cycle in which there is an enhanced secretion of fluids rich in glycogen
secretory phase
277
The endometrium and the myometrium of the uterus proliferate during the ___________ of the uterine cycle
Proliferative phase
278
During the _______________, estrogen induces the expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells
follicular phase
279
Most common thyroid hormone
T4
280
Most active morn of thyroid hormone
T3
281
Cushing's syndrome
Hyper secretion of cortisol
| -deposition of fat in abdomen and face, easily bruising, and protein depletion
282
Addisons syndrome
Hypo secretion of cortisol
| -hypoglycemia and poor stress tolerance
