Final exam pt2 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What hormones stimulate follicle growth?
A
- FSH
- estrogens
2
Q
antrum
A
Portion of an ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid
3
Q
Types of Agranolocytes
A
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
4
Q
What does a primordial follicle contain?
A
Oogonia
5
Q
What inhibitis FSH secretion
A
Inhibin
6
Q
What hormones are responsible for sperm developmetn
A
- FSH
- testosterone
7
Q
What begins menstruation
A
degeneration of the corpus luteum
8
Q
What are the stages of Ovarian cycle?
A
1) Follicular phase
2) Luteal phase
9
Q
What hormone fluctuate in the Ovarian cycle?
A
FSH and LH
10
Q
Follicular phase
A
estrogen is produced by the theca interna and follicular cells
11
Q
Luteal phase
A
progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum
12
Q
Uterine cycle
A
1) Menstruation
2) Proliferative phase
3) Secretory phase.
13
Q
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
A
estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin
14
Q
Types of granulocytes
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
15
Q
Electrical signal
A
operate by allowing electrical signals to be transmitted from one neuron to another neuron or glial cell through gap junctions by means of ions flowing through; Rapid communication between adjacent neurons that synchronize the electrical activity in these cells
16
Q
chemical signal
A
Operate through the release of neurotransmitters that activate signal transduction mechanisms in the target cell
17
Q
Presynaptic neuron
A
transmit signals
18
Q
Postsynaptic neuron
A
receive signals
19
Q
Axodendritic synapse
A
consists of a presynaptic neurons axon terminal forms a synapse with a dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron
20
Q
Axosomatic synapse
A
consists of a presynaptic neurons axon terminal forms a synapse with the soma of the postsynaptic neuron
21
Q
Axoaxonic synapse
A
consists of a presynaptic neurons axon terminal forms a synapse with the axon terminal of the postsynaptic neurons
22
Q
Excitatory synapse
A
one that brings the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to the threshold for generating an action potential
23
Q
Fast (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) EPSPs
A
are a result of opening ion channels that permit both sodium and potassium to flow throug
24
Q
Slow (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) EPSPs
A
are caused by second messenger systems as they take longer to develop and last longer
25
Inhibitory Synapses
is one that brings the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron away from the action potential threshold by hyperpolarizing the neuron or, alternatively, stabilizes the membrane potential at the resting value
26
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
can be caused by the opening of potassium or chloride channels
27
Synaptic vesicles
store neurotransmitters
28
Specificity
property of a receptor in which receptors generally bind only one messenger or a class of messengers
29
Affinity
strength of the binding between a messenger and its receptor
30
Competition
ability of different molecules to compete with a ligand for binding to its receptor. Competitors generally are similar in structure to the natural ligand.
31
Agonist
ligands that bind to receptors and produce a biological response
32
Antagonist
ligands that bind to the receptors but do not produce a biological response
33
Signal amplification
ability of relatively small changes in the concentration of a chemical messenger to elicit marked responses in target cells. The function of a second messenger system is to amplify the response of the first messengerr
34
Cascade
series of sequential steps that progressively increases the magnitude
35
maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment
Homeostasis
36
variable that is kept constant by homeostatic regulatory mechanisms of the organ systems
Regulated variable
37
maintenance of extracellular fluid in a state compatible for life
Homeostasis
38
type of feedback commonly employed in homeostatic regulatory systems in which the response of a system goes in a direction opposite to the change in that set in motion
Negative feedback
39
normal or desired value of the regulated variable in a homeostatic regulatory system
Set point
40
when organ systems are working together to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment
Homeostasis
41
group of cells, usually in the central nervous system (CNS) or an endocrine gland, that use sensory information to determine a response and communicate commands to effectors
integrating center
42
Illness can result if _______________ is disrupted.
homeostasis
43
are cells, tissues, or organs that respond to neural or chemical signals; in homeostatic regulatory systems, cells, tissues, or organs that respond to output signals of the integrating center and bring about the final response
Effectors
44
type of feedback in which the response of a system goes in the same direction as the change that set it in motion
Positive feedback
45
cells (often neurons) are sensitive to the variable in question and act as a means of detecting changes in the regulated variable
Sensors
46
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid that surrounds the cells inside the body, including fluid in the blood stream that surrounds blood cells
47
Total body water (TBW)
volume of water contained in all the bodyís compartments, or the total volume of fluid enclosed within the outer epithelial laye
48
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid located inside cells
49
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid located outside cells
50
Plasma
fluid that is located outside cells and found in the blood
51
Interstitial fluid (ISF)
fluid that is located outside cells and found outside the blood
52
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
where most of the water in the body is found
53
includes water present in fluid located inside cells and fluid located outside cells
Total body water (TBW)
54
makes up only one-third of the TBW
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
55
Function of primary endocrine organs
hormone secretion
56
Function of secondary endocrine organs
secretion occurs secondary to something else
57
tropic hormone
hormones that regulate the secretion of other hormones
58
stimulating hormone
a hormone which increases the secretion of another hormone
59
Inhibiting hormone
hormone that decreases the secretion of another hormone
60
Hypersecretion
excess in secretion of a hormone
61
Hyposecretion
too little secretion of a hormone
62
Adrenal gland
secretes androgens, cortisol, aldosterone, & epinephrine
63
Gonads
secrete progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, & estradiol
64
Primary secretion disorder
when the abnormality originates in the endocrine gland that secretes the hormone
65
Secondary secretion disorder
when the abnormality originates in the endocrine cells of either the anterior pituitary or the hypothalamus, which secret the tropic hormone
66
Antagonism
process by which the effects of one hormone opposes the other
67
Additive
process by which two or more hormones produce the same type of response in the body increasing the response to equal the net sum of the individual effects
68
Synergistic
process by which two or more hormones produce the same type of response in the body increasing the response to even greater than the sum of individual effects
69
Permissiveness
process by which the presence of one hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its actions
70
Hepatic Portal system
ensures that blood levels of a specific hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary
71
Hepatic Portal system
ensures that blood levels of a specific hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary
72
Where are leak channels found
Plasma membrane throughout a neuron
73
Are leaks channels always open or closed?
open
74
What are leak channels responsible for?
Resting membrane potential
75
Where are Mechanically gated ion channels found?
Sensory neurons
76
Why do Mechanically gated ion channels open?
in response to physical forces such as pressure or stretch
77
Why do Ligand-gated channels open or close?
in response to the binding of a chemical (ligand) to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane
78
Where are Ligand-gated channels located?
most densely in the dendrites and cell body
79
What do Ligand-gated channels receive communication from?
presynaptic neuron in the form of neurotransmitters
80
What do Voltage-gated channels open/close in response to?
In response to changes in membrane potential
81
Where are Voltage- gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels located?
most densely in the axon and are present in greatest density in the axon hillock
82
What are Voltage- gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels necessary for?
the initiation and propagation of action potentials
83
Where are Voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels located?
most densely at the axon terminals
84
What opens/closes Voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels located?
in response to the arrival of an action potential and trigger the release of neurotransmitter
85
Hyperpolarization
Change to a more negative value
86
Depolarization
change to a less negative or to a positive potential
87
Repolarization
Occurs when the membrane potential returns to the resting membrane potential following a depolarization
88
Threshold
Critical value of membrane potential that must be met or exceeded if an action potential is to be generated
89
Temporal summation
stimulus applied repeatedly in rapid succession such that the graded potential from the first application does not dissipate before the next graded potential occurs; the effects of the potentials sum;
90
What causes a greater temporal summation
the greater the overlap in time; often reaches threshold
91
Spatial summation
Effects of stimuli from different sources occurring close together in time sum; Note that summation of a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential tend to cancel each other out
92
Rapid depolarizatoin
first phase of an action potential during which the membrane potential changes from -70 mV (rest) to +30 mV.
93
After polarization
Third phase of an action potential in which potassium permeability remains elevated for a brief time (15 msec) after the membrane potential reaches the resting membrane potential
94
What kind of potential is present during after-polarization
The membrane potential is even more negative than at rest as it approaches the potassium equilibrium potential (-94 mV).
95
What are activation gates responsible for?
Responsible for the opening of sodium channels during the depolarization phage of an action potential
96
what are inactivation gates responsible for?
Responsible for the closing of sodium channels during the repolarization phase of an action potential
97
What is the regenerative mechanism?
opening of some sodium activation gates causes more sodium activation gates to open by regenerating the stimulus to open the gates
98
What is the absolute retraction period?
all of the depolarization phase plus most of the repolarization phase of an action potential
99
What happens during an absolute retraction period?
a second action potential cannot be generated in response to a second stimulus, regardless of the strength of that stimulus; thus limiting the number of action potentials
100
What is the relative refraction period?
possible to generate a second action potential, but only in response to a stimulus stronger than that needed to reach threshold under resting conditions; due to increased permeability to potassium that continues beyond the repolarization phase
101
When does the relative refraction period occur?
occurs immediately after the absolute refractory period
