Exam 3 final review Flashcards by Wei Xu

Inputs of Striatum

Cerebral cortex - GABA (inhibitory)
Substantia Nigra - Pars Compacta - Excitatory or Inhibitory (Dopamine)

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Outputs of Striatum

Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra - Pars reticulata

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Inputs of Globus Pallidus

Striatum - Inhibitory (GABA)
Subthalamic Nucleus - Excitatory (Glutamate)

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Outputs of Globus Pallidus

Internal Segments - Striatum
External Segments - Subthalamic Nucleus

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Input of Subthalamic Nucleus

Globus Pallidus - External Segments - Inhibitory (GABA)

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Output of Subthalamic Nucleus

Globus Pallidus - Internal Segment

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Inputs of Substantia Nigra

Striatum - Inhibitory (GABA)
Globus Pallidus - Inhibitory (GABA)

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Outputs of Substantia Nigra

Pars Compacta - Striatum - Modulates inputs from the cerebral cortex
Pars Reticulata - Superior Colliculus - Neural control of saccade

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Dendritic tree of Purkinje Layer

Projects into molecular layer, receives input from Parallel fibers of Granule cells and afferent climbing fibers

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Axon of Purkinje Layer

Projects into vestibular or cerebellar nuclei

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Purkinje cells

Only efferent neurons of the cortex: leaving the cerebellar cortex

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Superior Peduncles

Output to the thalamus and brainstem (motor cortices and upper motor neurons)

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Middle Peduncles

Input from the pontine nuclei (from the motor cortices)

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Inferior Peduncles

Input from the brainstem and spinal cord (sensory)

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Pontine Nuclei

Information about intended movement
Internal feedback

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Sensory input to the cerebellum

Information about actual movement
external feedback

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Inferior Olivary Nucleus receives input from

Cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord

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Output of Cerebellum

Motor Cortex
Brainstem
no direct output to the lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord

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Input of Primary somatomotor cortex

Premotor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex & posterior parietal cortex
Basal ganglia & cerebellum

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Output of Primary somatomotor cortex

descending system

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Input of Premotor cortex

Prefrontal cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex & posterior parietal cortex

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Output of Premotor cortex

Primary motor cortex
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

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Input of Posterior Parietal Cortex

Primary Somatosensory cortex
visual association cortex

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Output of Posterior Parietal Cortex

Primarily premotor cortex

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Origin of Corticospinal

Primary Somatomotor Cortex Premotor and supplementary motor areas Primary Somatosensory cortex Superior Parietal Lobule Cingulate Gyrus

Hypokinetic

- lack of disinhibition of the thalamus by the direct pathway - Increased inhibition of the thalamus by the indirect pathway

Hyperkinetic

Disruption of the indirect pathway

Input of Vestibulocerebellum

Vestibular neuron & nuclei, visual

Output of Vesstibulocerebellum

Vestibular nuclei, Reticular nuclei, superior colliculus

Input of Cerebrocerebellum

Pontine Nuclei, Inferior Olive Nucleus

Output of Cerebrocerebellum

Motor cortices, Red nucleus

Outputs of Cerebellar cortex

- Motor Cortices - Brainstem

Dysdiadochokinesia

unable to sustain a regular rhythm or produce an even force

Akinesia

Impairment of initiation of movement

Oculomotor Loop is involved in?

Control of saccades, by releasing the superior colliculus from inhibition

Prefrontal loop has which two separate pathways? and what are they involved in?

- Dorsolateral Prefrontal - initiation and termination of cognitive processes - Lateral Orbitofrontal - mediation of empathic and socially approriate behavior

Ballismus

Hyperkinetic Disturbances

Which category of movement is adaptable to changes in behavioral goals?

Reflexive

Which category of movement can be improved with experience?

Voluntary

What does neural noise limit?

Accuracy of sensory input and motor output

What is the elementary unit of motor control?

Motor Unit

Muscle unit doesn't have?

Alpha motor neuron

What does alpha motor neuron innervate?

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

Where does alpha motor neuron terminate?

Neuromuscular junctions on skeletal muscle fibers

LMNs that innervate axial muscles are?

Medial

LMNs that innervate distal muscles are?

Lateral

LMNs that innervate flexors are?

Dorsal

LMNs that innervate extensors are?

Ventral

Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Damage

Flaccid Paralysis Fibrillation Hypotonia Hyporeflexia

What are the contractile unit of striated muscle fibers?

Sarcomeres

What structure encircle myofibrils?

T-Tubules

What structure surrounds individual myofibrils?

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by?

Endomysium

Skeletal muscles are surrounded by?

Epimysium

Muscle force varies with?

Direction and rate of change

What is the efferent innervation of muscle spindle?

Gamma Motor Neurons

What does Alpha-Gamma Coactivation allow?

Muscle spindles to maintain their sensitivity to changes of muscle length during muscle contraction

What structure detect change in muscle length and rate of change of muscle length?

Muscle Spindle

What is the primary source of input to alpha motor neurons?

Spinal Interneurons

Reflexes are mediated through which pathways?

Spinal and supraspinal pathways

What is the motor response of Myotatic

Contraction of the stretched muscle

What is the Motor Response of GTO Circuit?

Relaxation of the tense muscle

Myotatic Reflex

Collaterals of Type Ia sensory neurons

Volitional Movement

Collaterals of descending axons

What is the main function of reciprocal innervation?

Enhances speed and efficiency

What amplifies the sensory input?

Divergence

What increases the flexibility of reflex responses?

Convergence

Modulation of Local Spinal Circuits can occur at which three sites?

Alpha Motor neurons Interneurons in polysynaptic pathways Afferent axon terminals

Muscle TOne is based on?

Intrinsic stiffness of muscle Myotatic reflex loop

Rhythm Generataor

Flexor & Extensor Half Centers- generating inhibitory interneurons

Brainstem Centers

Initiates and regulates the speed of walking

Cerebellum

Regulates the timing and intensity of the descending input, coordinating the stepping movements

Motor Cortex

Plans, initiates, and executes voluntary movemenets

Motor Response of Corneal Blink Reflex

Contraction of the orbicularis oculi resulting in eyelid closure

Input of Upper Motor Neurons

Brainstem Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum

Maintaining Support Against Gravity is controlled at?

Spinal Cord Level

Maintaining Balance is controlled at

subcortical and cortical levels

Extend base of support

stepping or using the upper limb

What is Somatosensory System important for?

Timing and direction of responses

Vestibular System is important for?

Balance on unstable surfaces and during head movements

Cerebellum is interconnected with?

vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

Pontine Reticular Formation

Horizontal Movement

Mesencephalic Reticular Formation

Vertical movements

What neuron gives rise to the pulse of ocular motor nuclei?

Burst

Function of Superior Colliculus

Directs reflexive orienting movements of the eyes and head

Function of Frontal Eye Fields

Direct Voluntary and memory guided eye movements

What does Basal Ganglia inhibit?

Superior Colliculus

Exam 3 final review Flashcards

(90 cards)