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Neuroscience > Other #3 Motivation & Cognition I > Flashcards

Other #3 Motivation & Cognition I Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Motivation

A

Activate behaviors to satisfy needs or achieve goals

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2
Q

Hedonic

A

Pleasant experience

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3
Q

Rewards

A

things or stimuli that have positive value

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4
Q

Motivation arise through which two inputs?

A

Internal - Physiological error signals and circadian clock

External - Incentive stimuli

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5
Q

Regulatory Behavior (feeding, drinking)

A
  • in response to physiological errors
  • aim to maintain homeostasis
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6
Q

Non-regulatory Behavior

A
  • Compensatory responses to deprivation, hedonic, or a drive reduction
  • do not aim to maintain homeostasis
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7
Q

Example of Regulatory Behaviors - Feeding

A

Long term:
- Maintenance of Energy balance
- Regulation of body’s fat reserve

Short term:
- Appetite, eating, digestion, satiety
- Regulation of meal size and frequency

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8
Q

Anatomical Structure of Regulatory Behaviors

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Example of Non-Regulatory Behaviors : Electrical Self-Stimulation by a Rat

A
  • Electrical stimulation can provide a reward that reinforces the work
  • Electrical stimulation and incentive stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons
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9
Q

Anatomical Structures of Non-Regulatory Behaviors

A

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain

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10
Q

What neurons signal error in reward prediction?

A

Dopamine neurons

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11
Q

Events that are better than expected

A

dopamine neurons to increase firing rate

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12
Q

Events that are worse than expected

A

Dopamine neurons to decrease firing rate

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13
Q

Events that are as expected

A

no change in firing

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14
Q

What type of behaviors are repeated?

A

Behaviors that cause better than expected or expected outcomes

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15
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain receives input from?

A

brainstem, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain projects to?

A

Nucleus Accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

What does Motivation influence?

A
  • attentiveness
  • goal selection
  • investment of effort
  • responsiveness to stimuli
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18
Q

Diminished motivation

A
  • Apathy: lack of feeling/emotion
  • Abulia: loss of will power, drive, initiative
  • Akinetic Mutism: wakeful state with no spontaneous movement or verbalization
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19
Q

Purves definition of Cognitive

A
  • Ability to attend to external stimuli or internal motivation
  • Ability to identify the significance of such stimuli
  • Ability to make appropriate responses
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20
Q

Structure of Association Cortices of Cognition

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Prefrontal Cortex: Anterior Multimodal Association Cortex
  • PTO Association cortex: Posterior Multimodal Association Cortex (Sensory input)
21
Q

Connection of the Multimodal Association Cortices

22
Q

Association Cortices receive input from?

Study These Flashcards
A

-hippocampus
-amygdala
-thalamus
-Brainstem modulatory systems

23
Q

Association Cortices project to?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Thalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal Cord
24
Function of the multimodal association cortices
- Parietal: Space and attention - Temporal: Recognition and identification of stimuli - Frontal: Planning and Decision Making
25
A lesion of either temporal lobe can result in?
Agnosias - difficulty recognizing / identifying/ naming objects
26
Definition of Attention
- Selective awareness of a part of the environment - Selective response to one class of stimuli - Limited in Capacity. Related to but distinct from consciousness
27
Clinical models of attention from least to most difficult
- Focus - Sustained - Selective - Alternating - Divided
28
Focused
- Ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli Example: Listening to hear if the washing machine has stopped
29
Sustained
- Ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity example: Watching an EKG monitor
30
Selective
- Focus on one selected stimulus in the environment and block out others
31
Selective can be divided in which two categories
- Overt: Directing our eyes or ears towards a stimulus ( Identifying a face in a crowd) - Covert: Attending to a stimulus source without directing our eyes or ears towards the stimulus source (Looking at one person but listening to another)
32
Alternating
- Shift attention between tasks that require different cognition example: Reading and making a recipe
33
Divided
Respond simultaneously to multiple tasks example: Driving a car while talking to other people
34
How is attention directed?
- Exogenous (Bottom-UP): Directed by a stimulus - Endogenous (Top- Down) : Directed by behavioral goals and other intrinsic factors
35
Theories - Early selection
- Low Level Gating mechanism - Filter out irrelevant information before the completion of analysis
36
Theories - Late selection
- All stimuli are processed - Completion of analysis before there is a high level gating mechanism that can filter out irrelevant info
37
There is possibility of top-down selection at?
early, middle, or later stages of stimulus processing
38
Current research of attention is focused on?
- effects of attention on stimulus processing - control of attention
39
Parietal Cortex (Attention)
- inferior and posterior parietal - Neurons are activated when an animal attends to a stimulus - Neurons activated when animal responds to a behaviorally meaningful stimulus - strength of the response = amount of attention
40
Frontal Cortex (Attention)
- Frontal Eye Fields & prefrontal - Stimulation of neurons responsible for motor field where stimulus is located, results in enhanced visual performance
41
Other (Attention)
- Thalamus - Superior Colliculus
42
Fan& Posner
Theory of Attentional Networks
43
Alerting
- lowest level - change in internal state in preparation for perceiving a stimulus - Thalamus, Parietal Cortex, Frontal Cortex, Brainstem
44
Orienting
- Rapid/slow shifting of attention among objects either in one or many sensory modalities - Superior Colliculus, Parietal Cortex, Thalamus, Frontal Eye Fields
45
Executive Control
- Highest Level - Prefrontal cortex - Error detection, Decision Making, Planning
46
Right Parietal Cortex mediates attention to?
Left and Right halves of the body & Extrapersonal Space
47
Left Parietal Cortex Mediates attention to?
Right half of the body and extrapersonal space
48
Hemispheric bias is thought to arise from?
- Specialization of the left hemisphere for language
49
Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome
- inability to attend to objects / self in a portion of space - Most commonly due to right parietal lobe lesions Example: R Lesion - lose entire L side L Lesion - still have R side from R parietal cortex
50
Function of Attention
- Enhance neuronal sensitivity ( Selectively enhancing neuronal responses) - Improve Reaction Times (Improves the speed and accuracy of behavioral responses to attended stimuli)

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