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Other 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System is composed of structures associated with?

A

Internal Organs and Viscera, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System mediates?

A

Visceral reflexes through local circuits in the spinal cord and brainstem

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3
Q

Viscerosensory System conveys information about?

A

status of visceral organs and internal body conditions

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4
Q

Viscerosensory system functions in parallel with?

A

Somatosensory pathways

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5
Q

In Viscerosensory system, information is transmitted via?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurons and CN 9 and 10

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6
Q

What are the two types of receptors in Viscerosensory system?

A

-Nociceptors
- Physiologic

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7
Q

What do Nociceptors respond to?

A
  • Potential damage to tissue
  • Presence of damaged tissue
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8
Q

Visceral pain is often described as?

A

diffuse and difficult to localize
-because low receptor density with large receptor fields

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9
Q

What do Physiologic receptors respond to?

A

Innocuous stimuli, monitoring the function of visceral structures on a continuing basis

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10
Q

Fibers of Viscerosensory

A
  • General visceral Afferent
  • Classified as type III and IV (Slow)
  • Travel through sympathetic or parasympathetic pathways
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11
Q

Sympathetic Pathways convey info from?

A

Nociceptors
- pain

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Pathways convey info from?

A

Physiologic receptors

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13
Q

Viscerosensory fibers enter the spinal cord at a particular level that?

A

Receives GVE input from the same spinal levels

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14
Q

What type of information reach the level of consciousness? and what doesn’t?

A
  • information related to pain reaches the level of consciousness
  • visceral activity that enter the spinal cord doesn’t
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15
Q

What are the two target areas of viscerosensory system?

A
  • Reticular Formation
  • Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
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16
Q

What is Reticular Formation

A

Diffuse and ill-defined collection of nuclei spread among the structures of brainstem

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17
Q

What type of information does reticular formation receive?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Viscerosensory

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18
Q

Reticular Formation projects to?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus, which ultimately project to the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Largest number of Reticular Formation terminate in?

A

Frontal lobe

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20
Q

What structure is responsible for alert or activate the cerebral cortex?

A

Reticular Formation
- reticulothalamic and thalamocortical

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21
Q

What does ascending reticular activating system consist of?

A

Reticulothalamic
Thalamocortical

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22
Q

Where are Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Located?

A

medulla

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23
Q

What information does Nucleus of the Solitary Tract receive?

A

Parasympathetic viscerosensory info

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24
Q

Where do Nucleus of the Solitary Tract project to?

A
  • Brainstem nuclei that are involved in pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes
  • Central regulation of respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI functions
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25
What is referred pain?
- Noxious stimuli that originate in a visceral structure arise from a somatic structure - Convergence of somatic and visceral information onto dorsal horn neurons
26
What are the target tissues of Visceromotor System
Cardiac muscles Smooth muscles Glandular Epithelium
27
What type of influence do Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions typically have/
Antagonist
28
*Sympathetic division alone innervates target tissue of?
- Body wall and extremities - Adrenal medulla - Arterial blood vessels
29
Pathway from the Brainstem or Spinal Cord to the target tissues consists of?
Two neurons
30
Preganglionic Neurons
- Cell body in the CNS - myelinated axon projects to autonomic ganglion where Postganglionic Neurons are
31
Postganglionic Neuron
- Cell body in an autonomic Ganglion - unmyelinated axon projects to the target tissue
32
What is an exception in the sympathetic division?
Preganglionic neurons can synapse directly in adrenal medulla
33
Visceral motor neuron and their targets are not organized into?
Discrete motor units
34
Terminal Branches of postganglion neurons have?
series of swelling containing neurotransmitter vesicles along their length, beaded appearance
35
*The autonomic nervous system exerts a?
diffuse control over target tissues
36
Function of Visceromotor System?
- Tonically active - background firing - Homeostasis (respond to changes in internal/external environment) - Control Visceral functions - Adaptive response to Stimuli
37
Origin of Sympathetic Outflow
Thoracolumbar Fascia T1- L2 Lateral Horn
38
What does the sympathetic division have?
Short preganglionic fibers Long postganglionic fibers
39
Where are the Preganglionic Neurons located in sympathetic division?
T1 - L2 Lateral horn of spinal cord
40
General Pathway of the Preganglionic Neurons
Ventral roots > Spinal Nerves >Sympathetic trunk -exit the spinal cord via ventral roots - enter the sympathetic trunk via the white communicating rami
41
3 different ways that the preganglionic neurons can synapse?
- in a paravertebral ganglion, at the same level or up and down - pass through the paravertebral ganglion to form splanchnic nerve - Directly onto the adrenal medulla
42
What is the endocrine gland that secrets both epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Adrenal Medulla
43
Postganglionic Neurons are grouped into?
Discrete ganglia
44
Postganglionic cell bodies can either be in?
Paravertebral ganglion or pre vertebral ganglion
45
Postganglionic Cell body in paravertbral ganglion (sympathetic)
- Innervate the target tissues of the head, body wall, and extremities - Innervate the target tissues of head and thorax
46
Postganglionic Cell body in paravertbral ganglion can exit the sympathetic trunk in which two pathways
- through gray communicating ramus into a spinal nerve - as carotid, cardiac, or pulmonary nerve
47
Postganglionic Cell body in prevertebral ganglion receive input from? (Sympathetic)
Splanchnic Nerves
48
What contributes to the formation of a perivascular plexus?
Axon of the Postganglion cell body in prevertebral ganglion
49
Postganglion cell body in prevertebral ganglion innervate?( sympathetic)
Target tissues of the abdomen and pelvis
50
Paraverterbral Ganglia is connected to spinal nerves via
White communicating rami - input, T1- L2 Levels Gray Communicating rami - output
51
Prevertebral Ganglia is associated with?
Abdominal Aorta and its branches
52
How do Preganglion Neurons synapse with Postganglionic Neurons in Sympathetic Division?
Pregranlin neurons branch in the periphery and synapse on many post ganglion neurons
53
In sympathetic division, Postganglionic neurons receive synaptic input from?
Many preganglion neurons
54
Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) - Pre and postganglionic Neurons Synapse
-Neurotrasmitters: Acetylcholine - Receptors: Cholinergic Nicotinic (Ionotropic, fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials)
55
Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Sympathetic) - Postganglionic and Target tissue
- Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine - Receptors: Adrenergic (Metabotropic, slow excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
56
Beta 1
Excitatory effects on cardiac muscle, Beta blocker inhibit this to slow down the heart rate
57
Function of sympathetic division
- Mobilization of resources for intensive activity (Fight or flight reaction) - Maintain homeostasis, selective control of viscera
58
What enhances the sympathetic response to stress?
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla
59
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
- Problem on sympathetic side - Intense chronic pain from abnormal connections b/w neurons - Always see it following another injury
60
Origin of Parasympathetic Outflow
Craniosacral - Associated with CN 3, 7, 9, 10 - S2 - S4 Spinal Cord
61
Parasympathetic division has?
- Long preganglionic fibers - Short postganglionic fibers
62
Long Preganglion neurons in Parasympathetic Division
Cranial - Axon exit the brainstem as CN 3, 7, 9, 10 Sacral - Axon exit the spinal cord S2 - S4 and form pelvic nerves
63
Short postganglionic neurons (CN 3,7,9) in Parasympathetic Division
- Cell bodies in CN 3,7, 9 *Axon travel with CN 5 - Innervate some of the target tissue of the head
64
Short postganglionic neurons in Parasympathetic Division - CN X & Sacral
- Cell body in Terminal ganglia - Axons located in target tissue - Innervate tissues of body cavities
65
Ganglia of Parasympathetic Division
- Selected Cranial in the head - Terminal in or on the wall of organs
66
In Parasympathetic Division, Each postganglionic neuron receives synaptic input from?
Only one or a few Preganglionic neurons
67
Neurotransmitters & Receptors (Parasympathetic) - Postganglionic and Target tissue
- Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine - Receptors: Cholinergic - Muscarine * (Metabotropic)
68
M1
Excitatory on smooth muscle and glandular tissue
69
M2
Inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glandular tissue
70
Function of Parasympathetic
- Promotion of restorative processes (Rest & Digest) - Ongoing, selective control of viscera
71
Organization of Enteric Division
receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs
72
Function of Enteric Division
- Coordinates contraction of GI smooth muscle - Regulates secretion and blood flow
73
Main function of Central Autonomic Network
Coordinate visceral motor, endocrine, and somatic motor outflow
74
What 3 structures make up Central Autonomic Network
- Reticular Formation - Nucleus of the solitary tract - Hypothalamus
75
Hypothalamus
- Highest integrator of autonomic and endocrine function
76
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
- Most important brainstem structure coordinating autonomic function
77
What are the two components of Nucleus of the solitary tract
- Caudal (Visceral) - Rostral (gustatory)
78
Nucleus of the solitary tract receives what information?
General and Special Visceral sensory information
79
Axon of the Nucleus of the solitary tract projects to?
- Preganglionic neurons - Autonomic center in Reticular Formation - Higher Integrative center in hypothalamus
80
Reticular formation receives what information
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
81
Reticular Formation projects to?
Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem, spinal cord, and hypothalamus

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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