Other #2 Hypothalamus, Emotional States

Question 1

Location of Hypothalamus

Answer 1

• Inferior to the hypothalamic sulcus
• Superior to the pituitary gland
• Caudal to lamina terminalis

Question 2

What structure does Hypothalamus continuous with?

Answer 2

Pituitary Gland

Question 3

Composition of Hypothalamus

Answer 3

1. Preoptic Area - Rostral
2. Zones - Caudal to preoptic area. Run Medial - Lateral (Periventricular, Medial, Lateral)

Question 4

Fibers of the Hypothalamus

Answer 4

• Medial Forebrain Bundle
• Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus

Question 5

Hypothalamus receives input from? (7 structures) (*Harry’s Hippo Saw Amy’s Brain Power Taking Risks)

Answer 5

• Hippocampus (memory)
• Septal nuclei (Pleasure / Addiction)
• Amygdaloid (Emotion)
• Brainstem (Physiologic systems)
• Prefrontal cortex (executive function)
• Thalamus (sensory)
• Retina (Sensory)

Question 6

Hypothalamus projects to?

Answer 6

• Amygdaloid
• Brainstem
• Thalamus
• Spinal Cord

Question 7

Hypothalamus has intrinsic connections with?

Answer 7

Pituitary gland

Question 8

Pituitary gland is divided into?

Answer 8

anterior - adenohypophysis
posterior - neurohypophysis

Question 9

Function of Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Integrate autonomic response and endocrine function with behavior (homeostasis & behavior)

Question 10

Most of the connections in Hypothalamus are?

Answer 10

Reciprocal

Question 11

Which 6 basic physiologic processes does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 11

1. Blood pressure and electrolyte composition
2. Body Temperature
3. Energy Metabolism
4. Reproduction
5. Emergency Response to stress
6. Sleep-wake cycle

Question 12

What are the 3 physiological mechanisms Underlying function?

Answer 12

1. Receives sensory and context information
2. Compares sensory information to biological set points
3. Activates responses to restore homeostasis

Question 13

Hypothalamus can be divided in which two areas?

Answer 13

• Caudolateral
• Rostromedial

Question 14

Caudolateral Area

Answer 14

• Consists of the posterior (Mamillary) region and lateral zone
• Anxiety
• Increased activity of sympathetic division

Question 15

Rostromedial Area

Answer 15

• Consists of the remaining anterior (supraoptic) and tuberal regions
• Contentment
• Increase activity of Parasympathetic

Question 16

Temperature regulation

Answer 16

• External temperature: thermoreceptors in the skin
• Internal temperature: Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Question 17

When blood temperature is below normal

Answer 17

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus activates heat conservation and heat production
- Heat conservation mediated by autonomic pathways
- Heat production mediated by reticulospinal pathways

Question 18

For water balance, information about the osmolarity of the blood is monitored by?

Answer 18

Osmolarity sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 19

Example: When blood osmolarity is high

Answer 19

• Osmolarity sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus stimulate ADH
• ADH increases water resorption

Question 20

A lesion of the hypothalamus could result in?

Answer 20

specific autonomic, endocrine & memory deficits

Question 21

A lesion of the pituitary gland could result in?

Answer 21

Specific endocrine deficits

Question 22

Emotion state has which two componenets?

Answer 22

1. Emotion
2. Feeling

Question 23

Emotion refers to?

Answer 23

physiological state - increased heart rate and respiration, dry mouth…

Question 24

Emotion occurs?

Answer 24

Unconsciously, when the brain detects certain situations that have emotional competence

Question 25

Emotion involves

Answer 25

cognitive, endocrine, autonomic, and MSK responses

Question 26

Feeling

Answer 26

Cognitive state - happiness, surprise, anger Conscious experience of cognitive and somatic responses

Question 27

Theories

Answer 27

- Cognitive/ feelings second to Physiological / Emotion - Emotional States at Amygdaloid, mediated by hypothalamus (emotions) and Cerebral cortex (feelings)

Question 28

Two examples of physiological state (peripheral expression of emotion)

Answer 28

- Visceral Motor: increase HR & BP / Pupil dilation/hairs become erect - Somatic Motor: Arching of back / extend claws/ snarling

Question 29

Hypothalamus receives input from?

Answer 29

sense and ventro-medial forebrain

Question 30

Hypothalamus projects to?

Answer 30

Brainstem (reticular formation)

Question 31

What type of pathway is in Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Parallel pathways

Question 32

Study of the hypothalamus

Answer 32

- Receptors in skin/face = input from senses - Normal sensory input lead to normal motor output - Emotion comes from our thought, it is sensory not motor

Question 33

Function of the physiological state

Answer 33

- prepares the body for action - Communicates our emotional state to other people

Question 34

Cortical Representation of Feeling is associated with?

Answer 34

Cortex

Question 35

What does the current theory say about feeling?

Answer 35

Unconsciously appraises something as being good/ bad, then conscious reflection

Question 36

Both unconscious and conscious of emotional states involves?

Answer 36

Cerebral cortex

Question 37

Example: Patients with prefrontal cortex or cingulate gyrus removed

Answer 37

- Pain is not felt as a powerful unpleasant experience - Still perceive pain as a sensation but feelings to pain are diminished

Question 38

What structure is associated with emotion (physiological state)?

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

What structure is associated with feelings (cognitive state)? play a role in emotional states

Answer 39

Limbic (prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, amygdaloid)

Question 40

Structures from the limbic system receive input from? project to?

Answer 40

- receives input from senses and amygdaloid - projects to amygdaloid, hypothalamus, and brainstem

Question 41

Function of the cortical regions in emotional states

Answer 41

- Memory & imagination can evoke feelings (stimulus of fear might not evoke the same feelings level in two people) - Use emotional info in cognitive processing - Conscious thought can suppress reflex emotional responses

Question 42

Location of Amygdaloid

Answer 42

Internal to the uncus of the temporal cortex, Rostral to the hippocampus

Question 43

Composition and connections of Amygdaloid

Answer 43

- Medial group: Olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex - Central group: Hypothalamus - Basal Lateral group: Cortices (cognitive expression/feelings)

Question 44

Function of Amygdaloid

Answer 44

1. Coordinate physiological and cognitive states of emotional states 2. Mediates learned and unlearned emotional responses 3. Invest sensory experience with emotional significance (give things emotional confidence) 4. Influence selection and initiation of motivation

Question 45

a large lesion of the limbic system could result in?

Answer 45

flattening of emotional states

Question 46

Experience of an emotional state is responsible for?

Answer 46

- making rational decisions and judgements that guide social behavior

Question 47

Frontal lobe lesions

Answer 47

inappropriate risky decisions when playing cards

Question 48

Bilateral damage to the amygdaloid nuclei

Answer 48

- difficulty judging the trustworthiness of human faces - inappropriately friendly behavior towards stranges

Question 49

Emotionality is

Answer 49

Lateralized in the cerebral hemispheres

Question 50

Right hemisphere is important for?

Answer 50

- expression and comprehension of affective aspects of speech - negative emotion

Question 51

Left hemisphere injury

Answer 51

incidence of depression is higher

Question 52

Left hemisphere is involved in?

Answer 52

Positive emotion