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Neuroscience > Movement Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Movement Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-contractile elements that influence force generation

A

Cytoskeletal protein
Extracellular connective tissue

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2
Q

Simple description of feedforward & feedback

A

Feedforward - motor commands
Feedback - Sensory input that determines whether or not the desired state was matched

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3
Q

Forward model anticipate

A

change in motor system’s state as a result of motor command

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4
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervate axial muscles are? Distal muscles are?

A

Axial muscles - Medial
Distal Muscles - Lateral

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5
Q

Indices of motor neuron size include?

A

Cell bodies, axon diameter, amount of force

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6
Q

Two mechanism for regulation of muscle force

A

Rate coding
Recruitment of motor units

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7
Q

What are the 6 components of motor systems

A

skeletal muscle
spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

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8
Q

Motor equivalence

A

Motor action performed in different ways with the same result

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9
Q

T-Tubules

A

Sarcolemma that encircle the myofibrils

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10
Q

Errors in Sensorimotor Transformation can also be due to?

A

Increased difficulty with multi-joint movemenet

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11
Q

What does innervation number indicate?

A

The fineness of muscle control

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12
Q

What are the 3 principles of motor control

A

Motor commands arise through sensorimotor transformation
Motor commands are subjective to feedforward and feedback control
Motor commands must adapt to development and experience

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13
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

Properties of Fast Fatigable Motor Nerve

A

Large diameter
Fastest conduction velocity
Low Excitability - High threshold

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15
Q

Motor Learning involves? and relies on?

A

involves adapting internal models
relies on different sensory modalities

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers of a single motor unit are usually distributed?

A

Throughout the muscle

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17
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies that bind and degrade ACh receptors
  • intermittent weakness increases with activity, decreases, with rest
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18
Q

Processing of information involves what type of connections?

A

Parallel and Hierarchial

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19
Q

LMNs that support the flexors are? extensors are?

A

Flexors - dorsal
Extensors - Ventral

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20
Q

Muscles fibers are aligned in parallel bundles that form?

A

Fascicles

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21
Q

Slow muscle fibers

A

Slow contraction speed
Low force
Fatigue resistant
exp: maintaining postures

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22
Q

Where is Motor neuron pool located?

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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23
Q

Which motor units contract frequently? which motor units contract infrequently?

A

Slow motor units contract frequently
Fast motor units contract infrequently

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24
Q

Movement inaccuracies arise from?

A

Variability and Error in Sensorimotor Transformation

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25
Alpha motor neurons (and gamma) are considered as?
Lower Motor neurons, the Final Common Pathway
26
What are sarcomeres?
Contractile unit of muscle fibers
27
Sarcolemma
Cell membrane
28
What is motor neuron pool
a cluster of alpha motor neuron cell bodies that innervate a single muscle
29
Physical Training can increase?
the rate of motor unit firing action potentials
30
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Degeneration of alpha motor neurons due to SMN genetic disease
31
What happens at increasing length
The decrease in force production by contractile units is offset by passive tension of non-contractile units
32
Target directed movement tend to follow
a straight pathway with smooth increase or decrease in speed
33
Reflexive movemenet
Involuntary stereotyped motor response
34
A single action potential in the alpha motor neuron results in? and what does it elicit?
- results in a single action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber - elicit twitch contraction
35
Head region of the Thick filament forms the/
Cross-bridge between myosin and actin
36
Force varies with
Direction and Rate of Change
37
CNS forms?
Internal model - the relationship between body and the world
38
What is changing between contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle fibers?
Degree of overlap between thick and thin filaments
39
Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by?
one alpha motor neuron and one neuromuscular junction
40
Neural noise impacts?
the accuracy of sensory input and motor output
41
Postsynaptic Membrane is a specialized portion of?
Muscle fiber sarcolemma ( Cell membrane)
42
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Deconstruction of muscle fibers due to lack of the structural protein dystrophin
43
Extrafusal Skeletal muscle fibers are orientated?
parallel to the long axis of muscle fiber
44
Voluntary movement is depended on?
context associated sensory inputs
45
Head region of the thick element has?
ATP, ATPase, and acting binding sites
46
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Demyelination of nerves Usually happens after infection
47
Reflexive movement is generated by?
Simple neural circuity in spinal cord or brainstem
48
Definition of Rhythmic movement
Involuntary (voluntary) coordinated repetitive contracting and relaxation of muscles
49
Which regulation of muscle force is associated with size principle?
Recruitment of motor units
50
A single action potential is insufficient to?
Release enough calcium Permit formation of all cross bridges
51
Reflexive movement is adaptable to?
Change in behavioral goals
52
Which model is responsible for control? Which model is responsible for prediction?
Control - Inverse model Prediction - Forward model
53
Descending input comes from?
Upper Motor neurons
54
Inverse Kinematics Transformation
Determine the join trajectories needed to achieve the path to the target
55
Steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. Action potential in alpha motor neurons 2. Ach releases at NMJ 3. ACh binds to ACh receptors 4. depolarizes sarcolemma 5. Action Potential conducted via T-tubules 6. Signal SR to release Calcium 7. Calcium binds to troponin 8. Exposes Actin Binding site 9. Sliding filament theory 10. Calcium reuptake
56
Where are the Lower motor neurons that innervate upper limb muscles? Lower limb muscles?
Upper - Cervical enlargement Lower - Lumbosacral enlargement
57
Example of rhythmic movement
Locomotion
58
What are the two types of Internal Models?
- Inverse model - Forward model
59
Pathway of alpha motor neurons
1. Ventral horn 2. Ventral roots 3. Spinal Nerves 4. Primary Dorsal and Ventral Rami 5. Peripheral Nerves 6. Terminate at skeletal muscle fibers
60
Inverse model determines the?
motor command needed to achieve the desired state
61
What is Rate Coding?
Altering the firing rate of alpha motor neurons
62
Signs of Neurological conditions
Negative - loss of something Positive - Appearance of something abnormal
63
What does Forward model do?
Estimate sensory input based on motor outputs Use a copy of previous motor command
64
Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Damage
- Flaccid Paralysis - can lead to muscle atrophy - Fibrillation - involuntary contractions of motor units - Hypotonia - Hyporeflexia
65
Inverse model and forward model work together to?
Detect and adjust the difference between desired behavior and actual behavior
66
Fast Fatigue Resistant
Intermediate Contraction Speed, Force, and fatigability
67
Recruitment of Motor units enables activation in the order of?
Increasing force and fatigability
68
Inverse Dynamic Transformation
Determine the Joint Torque needed to achieve the Joint Trajectories
69
Lengthening Contractions (Eccentric)
Force increases and the rate of lengthening increases
70
What type of movement can be improved with experience?
Voluntary
71
Myofibrils are composed of?
Series of Sarcomeres
72
What is the size principle?
Smallest motor units recruited first and Largest motor units recruited last
73
Neuromuscular junction is a specialized chemical synapse between?
Alpha motor neurons and skeletal muscle fiber
74
What are the two movement strategies?
- Movement involve activation of many muscles - Muscle work depends on the pattern of activation
75
A rapid Series of increased action potentials is able to release?
enough calcium to bind to the troponin sites, maximizing cross bridge formation
76
Feedforward
- Motor command for initial part of movement - Based of desired state - Rapid
77
Cross Bridge can only be formed when
Thick and Thin Filaments overlap
78
What are the 3 components of Motor unit
- Alpha Motor Neuron - Neuromuscular junction - Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
79
Spinal interneurons receive input from?
Primary sensory neurons, upper motor neurons, collateral from alpha motor neurons
80
Movement involves muscles that have which 3 functions?
- Produce desired displacement - Reduce unintended actions - Establish Rigid Connections
81
Steps used to generate a particular movement
1. Spatial Orientation 2. Movement Planning 3. Inverse Kinematics Transformation 4, Inverse Dynamic Transformation
82
Voluntary movement
Intentional, under conscious control of the brain
83
Skeletal muscles are surrounded by?
Epimysium
84
Where are thick filaments located? what are they composed of?
- Located in the middle of the sarcomere - Composed Primarily of myosin molecules
85
Sarcomeres are consisted of? Extend between?
- Consisted of thick and thin filaments - Extend between the Z disk
86
Where are thin filaments located? What are they composed of?
- Located at the end of the sarcomere - Composed of actin, myosin, and troponin
87
What does Inverse model do?
Calculates motor output based on sensory input
88
Fascicles are aligned in parallel forming?
a skeletal muscle
89
Which 3 factors have an effect on force, velocity, and range of motion?
- Arrangement of the sarcomeres - Organization of the muscle fibers - Location of the muscles on the skeleton
90
Sarcroplasmic Reticulum (SR)
specialized endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds individual myofibrils
91
Presynaptic Terminal of Alpha Motor Neurons contain?
synaptic vesicles that are filled with ACh
92
Properties of Slow Motor Nerve
- Small Diameter - Fast conduction velocity - High Excitability - Lower threshold
93
The number and force of each cross bridge is influenced by?
- Calcium concentration in the SR - Degree of overlap between thick and thin filaments - Velocity of sliding between thick and thin filaments
94
Sliding Filament Theory
1. Energy released from ATP 2. Rowing motion of the myosin cross bridge 3. Thin filament sliding relative to the thick filaments 4. Shortening of the Sarcomeres
95
The smaller the innervation number
The finer the motor control larger number of motor units with smaller number of skeletal muscle fiber
96
Feedback
- Based on comparison between desired and sense state during the movement - Error used to adjust output - slow
97
Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers are classified as?
Type I (slow) Type II (fast)
98
Postsynaptic membrane has
- Subjectional folds that increase surface area - ACh receptors

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