Exam 3- Histology of the Adrenal, Thyroid, and Parathyroid Glands

Question 1

what are the two main regions of the adrenal gland?

Answer 1

cortex and medulla

Question 2

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 2

steroids

Question 3

what does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 3

catecholamines

Question 4

what does the adrenal cortex regulate?

Answer 4

carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism

Question 5

what does the adrenal medulla regulate?

Answer 5

acute response to stress “Fight or Flight” response

Question 6

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 6

zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

Question 7

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 7

aldosterone

Question 8

what does the zona fasciculata produce?

Answer 8

steroid hormones (especially cortisol or corticosterone in response to ACTH)

Question 9

what does the zona reticularis produce?

Answer 9

gonadocorticoids (androgens) and less glucocorticoids

Question 10

do steroid secreting cells in the adrenal cortex have secretory granules?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

do steroid secreting cells in the adrenal cortex have more smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 11

much more smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

what type of capillaries supply the adrenal cortex?

Answer 12

fenestrated

Question 13

what cell types are in the thyroid gland?

Answer 13

thyroid follicular cells
parafollicular cells

Question 14

what is a thyroid follicle filled with?

Answer 14

pink colloid containing thyroglobulin, a hormone precursor

Question 15

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Answer 15

stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

Question 16

how many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 16

four, external/upper and internal/lower glands

Question 17

what does the parathyroid gland produce?

Answer 17

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 18

what does parathyroid hormone do to calcium levels?

Answer 18

increases blood calcium

Question 19

what does the adrenal medulla’s acute response to stress lead to?

Answer 19

fight or flight
increased blood glucose and free fatty acids
increased blood pressure, heart rate/output, blood flow to skeletal muscle

Question 20

what are catecholamines from the adrenal medulla secreted in response to?

Answer 20

cholinergic stimulation by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 21

what do steroid secreting cells have?

Answer 21

some rough ER
extensive smooth ER
mitochondria with rounded cristae
lipid droplets
coated pits- LDL uptake

Question 22

what do peptide/protein secreting cells contain?

Answer 22

lots of rough ER and Golgi
little smooth ER
mitochondria with skinny, elongated cristae
secretory granules

Question 23

what cells do not have secretory granules?

Answer 23

adrenal cortex cells
thyroid cells
pineal gland
leydig cells (testis)
granulosa cells (ovary)

Question 24

what brings arterial blood to medullary capillaries in the adrenal gland?

Answer 24

medullary arterioles

Question 25

what is the sequence from the hypothalamus for stimulating the thyroid?

Answer 25

thyrotropin releasing hormone
thyrotropes in pars distalis to release thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

Question 26

what does thyroid hormone inhibit?

Answer 26

pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 27

what do apical microvilli in the thyroid contain?

Answer 27

peroxidase

Question 28

why are oxyphil cells eosinophilic?

Answer 28

lots of mitochondria

Question 29

what cells release calcitonin?

Answer 29

parafollicular cells

Question 30

do parafollicular cells have granules?

Answer 30

yes