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Nutri Sci > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Mineral nutrients

A

Elements
Present in small quantities

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2
Q

Mineral element rankings

A

Calcium > phosphorus > potassium > sodium = chloride > magnesium

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3
Q

Major minerals

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

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4
Q

Trace minerals

A

Iron
Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Zinc

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5
Q

Roles of minerals

A

Electrolyte
Structure
Component of a prosthetic group
Signal transduction
Cofactor role

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6
Q

Factors affecting mineral content

A

Genetic variation (animals and plants)
Mineral content of animal feed/medications
Mineral content of soil/water for plants
Cooking utensils
Food processing
Fortification

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A

Rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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8
Q

Calcium functions

A

Bone health
Catalytic role
Signal transduction

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9
Q

Calcium bone health

A

Part of bone structure

Hydroxyapatite in bone

The trabecular bone structure of bone marrow and blood vessel

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build new bone

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11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Dissolve bone to mobilize calcium

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12
Q

Calcium catalytic role extracellular

A

Regulation of blood clotting/coagulation

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13
Q

Calcium catalytic role Intracellular

A

Regulation of muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Secretion of hormones
Activation of enzyme reactions

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14
Q

Calcium absorption enhanced by

A

Active vitamin D hormone
Lactose , other sugars
Adequate protein intake
Increased calcium needs (pregnancy)

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15
Q

Calcium absorption inhibited by

A

Lack of stomach acid
Vitmain D deficiency
High phosphours intake
Phytate
Oxalate

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16
Q

Calcium sources (50% absorbed)

A

Cauliflower
Cabbage
Brussel sprouts
Kale
Broccoli

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17
Q

Calcium sources (30% absorbed)

A

Milk
Yogurt
Fortified foods

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18
Q

Calcium sources <5% absorbed

A

Spinach (due to oxalate)

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19
Q

Maintain mineral balance

A

Minerals are not expended/destroyed during biological processes

Required in diets due to variable efficiency in recycling

Bioavailability

Transition metals can be reactive and/or toxic

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20
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Raise blood calcium levels

Stimulates activation of vitamin D

Stimulates calcium reabsorption in kidney, intestine

Stimulates resorption/release from bones

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21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lower blood calcium levels

Inhibits activation of vitamin D

Prevents calcium reabsorption in kidney

Limits calcium absorption in intestines
Inhibits resorption from bones

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22
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Silent diseases
Increases when you age

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23
Q

Osteoporosis prevention

Study These Flashcards
A

Weight-bearing exercise
Resistance exercise
Nutrition

24
Q

Weight bearing exercise

Study These Flashcards
A

Work against gravity
Cycling and swimming does not count

25
Resistance exercise
Delays the rate of bone density drop Increase mechanical force that increases osteoblast and decreases osteoclast
26
Phosphorus
2nd most abundant mineral in the body Hydroxyapatite in bone and teeth
27
Phosphorus roles
Part of major buffer system Part of RNA/DNA Assist in energy metabolism Help transport lipids in the blood Structural component of cell membranes
28
Magnesium roles
Maintain bone health Part of protein making machinery Necessary for energy metabolism Participates in enzyme systems Muscle contraction and blood clotting Supports normal function of immune system Stabilizes ATP
29
Iron functions
Oxygen carrier Cofactor of enzymes
30
Iron: oxygen carrier
Iron helps accept, carry, release oxygen Heme has Fe 2+ at center of porphyrin ring
31
Hemoglobin
4 heme groups, protein subunits Each subunit can carry an oxygen Delivers oxygen and moves CO2
32
Myoglobin
Heme protein in muscle cells Single heme group and subunit Release oxygen to cells
33
Iron cofactor
Enzymes in TCA cycle Cytochromes in ETC Production of neurotransmitters Redox active
34
Iron gene expression
Packing and unpacking of DNA → transcription → mRNA → translation → protein processing → protein degradation
35
Fe 2+
Ferrous iron
36
Fe3+
Ferric iron
37
Proteins requiring iron to function
Hemoglobin Myoglobin Iron containing enzymes
38
Iron transport proteins
Transferrin Transferrin receptor Ferroportin
39
Iron storage protein
Ferritin
40
Iron sources
Heme and nonheme Meat Poultry Fish Tofu Dried beans Dark chocolate Whole grains Green leafy vegetables
41
Absorb heme iron
Goes through heme transporter into enterocyte
42
Absorb nonheme iron
Has to be reduced to Fe 2+ Goes through DMT1 into enterocyte DMT1 handles other 2+ ions Iron might have to compete with Zn or Ca
43
Absorb food iron
Food iron --> mucosal cells If not needed --> excreted If needed --> ferritin, transferring, blood, body
44
Absorbing iron
If iron isn’t needed Travels to ferritin Stored If iron is needed Goes to ferroportin Has to be oxidized to Fe 3+ (need Copper) Attaches to transferrin Travels throughout the body
45
Heme transporter
Transport heme iron into enterocyte
46
DMT1
Divalent metal transporter 1 Transports Fe2+
47
Ferroportin
Transports Fe2+ out of enterocyte, into liver Transports cell membrane (opens it up) Allows cells to send out iron
48
Transferrin
Moves iron around Transport ferric iron to body cells
49
Transferrin receptor
Cells make it Picks up iron from circulation
50
Ferroxidase
Oxidizes Fe2+ into Fe3+ so it can attach to transferrin
51
Ferritin
Iron binding protein Produced in enterocytes Binds and stores mucosal iron Prevents it from entering the bloodstream
52
Low iron stores
Transport protein production increases Ferritin production decreases Allow iron into bloodstream
53
High iron stores
Transport production decreases Ferritin production increases Stored iron is excreted when enterocytes are sloughed
54
Enhance iron absorption
Increased requirements Consumption of animal tissues Fe 2+ is better absorbed than Fe 3+ Heme iron is better absorbed Vitamin C Gastric acid
55
Inhibit iron absorption
Decreased requirements Phytate in whole grains and legumes Oxalate in green leafy vegetables High fiber intake Polyphenols Excess Ca, Zn, Mn
56
Bioavailability factors
Method of food prep Nutrient nutrient interaction Nutrition status Physiological need Dietary substances Fiber Phytate Oxalate Polyphenols Gastric acidity Genetic variation Aging
57

Nutri Sci (10 decks)

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