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Nutri Sci > Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds

Small amonts in the diet

Essential for basic functions

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2
Q

Vitamin classes

A

Water soluble
Fat soluble

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3
Q

Vitamin C name

A

Ascorbic acid or ascorbate

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4
Q

Vitamin C function

A

Cofactor in synthesis of collagen

Cofactor in reactions of
carnitine/neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Vitamin C absorption/transport

A

Active transport
SVCT1/SVCT2

Water soluble, can move freely in the blood

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6
Q

Vitamin C storage/excretion

A

Excess filtered by kidneys

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7
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

Symptoms related to maintenance of blood vessel integrity

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8
Q

Scurvy symptoms

A

Blood vessel failure
Formation of microhemorrhages
Discoloration/inflammation of gums (symmetrical)
Poor wound healing
Joint pain

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9
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

Nausea
Cramps
Diarrhea
Takes a lot to overdose

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10
Q

Vitamin C RDA

A

Higher for smokers
Reach saturation around 100 mg –> absorption levels off

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11
Q

Vitamin C sources

A

Broccoli
Strawberries
Citrus fruits
Kiwi
Brussel sprouts
Potatoes

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12
Q

B vitamins

A

NRG metabolism
Absorbed in SI

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13
Q

Vitamin B1 name

A

Thiamin
Form cofactor TPP

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14
Q

Vitamin B1 function

A

Coenzyme in metabolic pathways
Neurotransmitter synthesis

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15
Q

Vitamin B1 absorption/transport

A

Active transport
Diffusion at high concentration
Travels in blood bound to albumin

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16
Q

Vitamin B1 storage/excretion

A

Store a bit in the liver
Excreted in the urine

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17
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Malnourished/homeless
Diet high in empty calories
Insufficent food intake
Beriberi

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18
Q

Beriberi wet form

A

Affects cardiovascular system
Fast heart rate
Shortness of breath
Leg swelling/edema
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy

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19
Q

Beriberi dry form

A

Affects nervous system
Numbness in extremities
Confusion
Pain
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy

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20
Q

Beriberi

A

Can lead to brain leisons
Can affect alcoholics

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21
Q

Why does deficiency affect alcoholics

A

Lower absorption
Increased excretion
Poor intake (alcohol = majority of diet)

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22
Q

Vitamin B1 RDA

A

Can test for deficiency using transketolase activity in RBC

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23
Q

Vitamin B1 sources

A

Pork products
Some wheat products (whole grain)
Soy milk

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 name

A

Riboflavin

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25
Q

Vitamin B2 function

A

Component of 2 coenzymes
FMN + FAD

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26
Q

FMN

A

Component of ETC

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27
Q

FAD

A

Beta oxidation of FA
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Reduction of oxidized glutathione by glutathione reductase

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28
Q

Vitamin B2 absorption/transport

A

Absorb in SI
Active/passive transport

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29
Q

Vitamin B2 storage/excretion

A

Minimal storage
Convert to cofactors
Excrete in urine

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30
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis

Alcoholics/elderly

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31
Q

Ariboflavinosis

A

Lesions of swelling in/around mouth (stomatitis)
Extreme chapped lips (cheilosis)
Dry mouth at the back of the tongue (glossitis)

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32
Q

Vitamin B2 nutrient drug interaction

A

Phenobarbital
Metabolism of the dug causes increased utilization of riboflavin

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33
Q

Vitamin B2 food sources

A

Dairy products
Fortified grain
Little bit from fruit/veg
Liver

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34
Q

Vitamin B3 name

A

Niacin

Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide

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35
Q

Vitamin B3 function

A

Cofactor NAD and NADP
Involved in central NRG metabolism
NADP participates in biosynthesis
NADH delivers e- to ETC

36
Q

Vitamin B3 absorption/transport

A

Faciliated or passive transport
Synthesized from tryptophan
Travels through blood

37
Q

Vitamin B3 storage/excretion

A

Not much storage
Excreted in urine

38
Q

Vitamin B3 RDA

A

Stated as niacin equilivants

39
Q

Vitamin B3 megadoses

A

Can decrease LDL and increase HDL

Niacin flush
Dilated capillaries
Painful tingling

40
Q

Vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Pellagra:

Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Death

41
Q

Vitamin B3 sources

A

Meat
Poultry
Seafood
Nuts/peanut butter

42
Q

Vitamin B5 name

A

Pantothenic acid

43
Q

Vitamin B5 function

A

Essential to all forms of life

Precursor and component of synthesis of Acetyl CoA

Involved in synthesis reactions of :
Lipids Neurotransmitters Steroid hormones Hemoglobin

44
Q

Vitamin B5 absorption/transport

A

Absorbed in SI
Diet = CoA form
Break down in SI
Circulate in blood

45
Q

Vitamin B5 storage/excretion

A

Minimal storage
Excrete in urine

46
Q

Vitamin B5 RDA

A

No RDA
No UL

47
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency

A

Very rare
General failure of body’s systems

Fatigue
GI stress
Neurological symptoms

48
Q

Vitamin B5 nutient drug interaction

A

Evidence of interactions w/ estrogen containing oral contraceptives
Increase requirements?

49
Q

Vitamin B5 sources

A

Meat
Dairy
Nuts
Grains
Veggies
Widely available

50
Q

Vitamin B7 name

A

Biotin

51
Q

Vitamin B7 function

A

Involved in a wide range of (biosynthetic) metabolic processes

Utilization of fats, carbs, AA

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Labeling tool

52
Q

Vitamin B7 absorption/transport

A

Faciliated transport
Must be released from food (brush border)
Large intestine can synthesize (microbiota)

53
Q

Vitamin B7 storage/excretion

A

Some liver storage
Excrete in the urine

54
Q

Vitamin B7 RDA

A

No RDA
No UL

55
Q

Vitamin B7 deficiency

A

Very rare
Diet of only raw egg whites

Skin rash, hair loss, neurological impairment

Can be genetic Biotinidase deficiency (doesn’t work) Can’t release/absorb biotin Can be fixed w/ supplementation

56
Q

Vitamin B7 sources

A

Widely available
Animal products
Eggs
Liver
Fish

57
Q

Vitamin B6 name

A

Pyridoxal

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxamine

58
Q

Vitamin B6 function

A

Cofactor of PLP
enzymatic reactions

Hemoglobin biosynthesis
FA metabolism
Niacin synthesis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Gluconeogenesis
Transamination (AA biosynthesis)

59
Q

Vitamin B6 absorption/transport

A

Absorb in SI
Passive diffusion
Must be dephosphorylated 1st Liver processes to PLP Send out via blood, attached to albumin

60
Q

Vitamin B6 storage/excretion

A

Liver and muscle storage
Excrete in processed form

61
Q

Vitamin B6 RDA

A

Increase w/ age
Used to be linked to protein intake

62
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Uncommon, alcoholics
Microcytic hypochromic anemia

63
Q

Vitamin B6 drug interaction

A

L dopa
Isoniazid (antibiotic)
Both increase requirement

64
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

Small, pale red blood cells due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Depression
Confusion
Convulsions
Impaired immune function

65
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity

A

Neurological damage
Peripheral neuropathy
Need to take a high dose for a long period of time

66
Q

Vitamin B6 sources

A

Meat
Fish
Veggies
Fruit
Potatoes
Will lose some during cooking

67
Q

Vitamin B9 name

A

Folate

68
Q

Vitamin B9 function

A

Coenzymes come from THF (DHF, THFA)

Move around single carbon units
Essential for DNA synthesis and repair

69
Q

Methotrexate

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis
Cancer treatment (chemo)
Folate antagonist
Can help with immune diseases at lower doses

70
Q

Homocysteine metabolism

A

Intermediate between methionine and cysteine (conditionally essential)

High levels in the blood = correlated w/ cardiovascular disease

B6, 9, 12 can lower levels in the blood

71
Q

Vitamin B9 absorption/transport

A

Absorb in SI (monoglutamate form)

Enzymes break down polyglutamate from food

Active/passive transport

Need transport help acorss membranes

Methyl transfer to activate (by B12)

72
Q

Vitamin B9 storage/excretion

A

Store a limited amount in the liver

Enterohepatic circulation
Liver incorporates excess into bile

73
Q

Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

Alcoholics
Pregnancy
Excess diarrhea

Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)

Neural tube defects

74
Q

Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)

A

Problem with red blood cells

Decreased DNA synthesis in cells in blood marrow

Protein synthesis continues

Cell division slows → cells become enlarged

Cells still have nucleus, become misshapen

Poor carriers of oxygen

75
Q

B9 neural tube defects

A

Causes spina bifida
Spinal column has not fused
Bubbles of fluids

Anencephaly
No brain develops
Paralysis, incontinence, hydrocephalus, learning disabilities

76
Q

Vitamin B9 RDA

A

UL due to high doses masking B12 deficiency

Dietary folate equilivants

77
Q

Vitamin B9 sources

A

Green leafy veggies
Fortified foods
Not dairy products
Heat, light, and air sensitive

78
Q

Vitamin B12 name

A

Cobalamin

79
Q

Vitamin B12 function

A

Coenzyme for methionine synthesis

Necessary for nerve development
(myelin sheath)

80
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption/transport

A

R protein protects B12 while it moves through stomach

Pepsin/acid denature proteins bound to B12

R protein degraded in SI

Intrinsic factor binds (absorbed)

Protein complex binds, enter blood, circulate

81
Q

Vitamin B12 storage/excretion

A

Some storage
Enterohepatic circulation

82
Q

Vitamin B12 RDA

A

No UL
Only made by bacteria and archaea

83
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Result of impaired absorption

Defect in R protein or intrinsic factor
Long term treatments that affect production of acid

Pernicious megaloblastic anemia
Neurological symptoms

84
Q

Vitamin B12 Pernicious megaloblastic anemia

A

Decreased DNA synthesis in cells in blood marrow
Protein synthesis continues
Cell division slows → cells become enlarged
Cells still have nucleus, become misshapen

85
Q

Vitamin B12 neurological symptoms

A

Peripheral neuropathy
Gait ataxia
Memory loss
Cognition impairment
Myelin sheath damage

86
Q

Vitamin B12 sources

A

Animal origin
Meat
Dairy
Fortified foods

Nutri Sci (10 decks)

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