Mod 1

Question 1

Interventional/experimental studies purpose

Answer 1

Purpose = test hypothesis

Question 2

Interventional/experimental studies

Answer 2

Manipulate ≥ 1 factor and measure outcomes

Independent and dependent variables

Can determine causal relationships

Question 3

Interventional/experimental studies limitation

Answer 3

Hard for nutrition because you can’t control all the variables

Question 4

Epidemiological/observational studies purpose

Answer 4

Purpose = generate hypothesis

Question 5

Epidemiological/observational studies

Answer 5

Test correlation between exposure and outcome

Can make associations and look at complex relationships

Question 6

Epidemiological/observational studies limitation

Answer 6

Can’t prove a causal relationship

Question 7

Cross-sectional

Answer 7

Measure exposures and outcomes simultaneously

Remember: NHANES study

Question 8

Retrospective

Answer 8

Observe the outcome first and look back to determine the exposure

Compare an individual with a condition to an individual without

Question 9

Prospective

Answer 9

Look at the exposure first and determine the outcome

Follow a group of people with similar characteristics over a long period of time

Question 10

Necessary

Answer 10

If the cause is not there → the outcome won’t occur

Prerequisite

Question 11

Test for Necessary

Answer 11

Prove by removing the factor

Question 12

Sufficient

Answer 12

If the cause is there → the outcome will occur

Question 13

Test for Sufficient

Answer 13

Prove by adding the factor in

Question 14

Contributory

Answer 14

The cause is necessary and/or sufficient only under certain conditions

Question 15

Issues with assessment of exposures

Answer 15

Lack of reliable measurements

Potential confounding factors and biases

Question 16

24 Hr Recall

Answer 16

Food and drink recorded over 24 hours

Many not represent usual intake
Recall bias

Question 16

Issues with assessment of health outcomes

Answer 16

Indexes and biomarkers of disease are used instead of the specific disease

Nutritional assessments are usually not specific to nutrition

Question 17

Food frequency questionnaire

Answer 17

Food intake patterns

Limited in accuracy and completeness
Have to know target population

Question 18

Food diary

Answer 18

Record when you consume food
Portion size estimated
Most accurate method

Observer effect

Question 19

ABCs

Answer 19

Anthropometric measurements
Biochemical testing
Clinical assessment
Dietary assessment

Question 20

Anthropometric measurements

Answer 20

Measurements and proportions of body

Question 21

Biochemical testing

Answer 21

Lab tests

Question 22

Clinical assessment

Answer 22

Physical exam

Question 23

Dietary assessment

Answer 23

Diet + health history

Question 24

Nutrition

Answer 24

Process by which a living organism obtains, assimilates, and uses nutrients or other food components for growth, maintenance of tissues, and reproduction

Question 25

Nutrients

Answer 25

Chemical compounds in diet that organisms need to sustain life

Question 26

Nutrients organism level

Answer 26

Promote growth Maintain tissues Regulate physiological processes

Question 27

Nutrients cellular level

Answer 27

Provide energy Structure for materials Regulatory agents for processes

Question 28

Macronutrients

Answer 28

Proteins Lipids Carbs Water Alcohol?

Question 29

Micronutrients

Answer 29

Vitamins Minerals

Question 30

Water

Answer 30

Macro Inorganic Non NRG yielding

Question 31

Carbs

Answer 31

Macro Organic NRG yielding C, H, O

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

Macro Organic NRG yielding Membranes, signaling Condense source of NRG

Question 33

Protein

Answer 33

Macro Organic NRG yielding C, H, O, N

Question 34

Vitamins

Answer 34

Micro Organic Non NRG yielding (complex) Regulatory agents, signaling, hormones

Question 35

Minerals

Answer 35

Micro Inorganic Non NRG yielding

Question 36

Nutrient Density

Answer 36

Number and amount of micronutrients in a food relative to its nrg content mg/kcal

Question 37

Energy density

Answer 37

Energy content of a food relative to its weight kcal/g

Question 38

Nutrient-dense food

Answer 38

high in essential nutrients but relatively low in calories

Question 39

RDA

Answer 39

One value to meet the needs of a healthy population Revised every 5 years The levels of intake of essential nutrients that, based on scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons

Question 40

Goals for DRIs

Answer 40

Set recommended intake values for individuals (RDA + AI) Facilitate nutrition research and policy for population (EAR) Establish safety guidelines (UL) Prevent chronic disease

Question 41

AI

Answer 41

Adequate intake level Established if data is insufficient for EAR/RDA Nutrient intake goal for individuals Based on avg intake of healthy populations that supports adequate nutritional status

Question 42

UL

Answer 42

Tolerable upper intake level Max daily intake that appears safe Beyond the intake level, increased risk for adverse health effects

Question 43

Calculate RDA

Answer 43

EAR + 2x SD

Question 44

Intake goal

Answer 44

Btwn RDA and UL

Question 45

DRI

Answer 45

the average daily intake level of a particular nutrient that is likely to meet the nutrient requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

Question 46

EAR

Answer 46

Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals