Exam 4- Chapter 13 Discovering psychology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
- There’s the belief that “crazy” behavior is very different from “normal” behavior.
- Depends on social or cultural context
- When we encounter people whose behavior strikes us as weird, unpredictable or baffling, it is easy to simply dismiss them as “crazy.”
- There is still a social stigma attached to suffering from a psychological disorder.
A
Common misconceptions about psychological disorders
2
Q
The pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms.
- Determined by the DSM-5
A
Important qualifying factor for a psychological disorder
3
Q
- Inclusions for some conditions that are “too normal” to be considered disorders, such as extreme sadness related to bereavement.
- Use of arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between different diagnosis.
- Gender bias
- Possible bias resulting from the financial ties of many DSM-5 authors to pharmaceutical industry, which might benefit from the expansion of mental illness categories or loosening of criteria for diagnoses.
- Blurs the distinction between everyday normal unhappiness and “mental illness.”
A
Criticisms for the DSM-5
4
Q
People diagnosed with one disorder are also frequently diagnosed with another disorder as well.
A
Comorbidity
5
Q
True or false:
1/3 to 1/5 of the adult population in the United states will experience symptoms of a mental disorder.
A
True
6
Q
- Lack of insurance
- Low income
- Lack of access to medical care
- Lack of awareness
- Fear of being stigmatized
A
Reasons why people may not receive help for mental disorders.
7
Q
- Anxiety, Posttraumatic stress and Obsessive-compulsive disorders
- Depressive and bipolar disorders
- Eating disorders
- Personality disorders
- Dissociative disorders
- Schizophrenia
A
6 DSM-5 categories
8
Q
- Neurodevelopmental disorders
- Substance-related and addictive disorders
- Somatic symptoms and related disorders
- Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.
A
Additional categories in the DSM-5
9
Q
Includes a wide range of developmental, behavioral, learning, and communication disorders that are usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Symptoms of a particular disorder may vary depending on a child’s age and developmental level.
A
Neurodevelopmental disorders
10
Q
Characterized by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance or behavior despite significant problems related to the substance or behavior.
A
Substance-related and addictive disorders
11
Q
Characterized by persistent, recurring complaints of bodily (or somatic) symptoms that are accompanied by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to these symptoms.
A
Somatic symptom and related disorders
12
Q
Varied group of disorders involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors and that are manifested in behaviors that harm or violate the rights of others.
A
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
13
Q
- Personal internal alarm system that tells you when something is not right.
- When it alarms you to a realistic threat, anxiety is adaptive and normal.
A
Anxiety is sometimes helpful
14
Q
Has both physical and mental effects.
- Physical alert
- Mental alert
- Found in virtually every culture, but symptoms vary
- Found more often in women than men
- Can develop early in life
A
Anxiety
15
Q
Prepares you to defensively take flight or fight potential dangers.
A
Physical alert
16
Q
Makes you focus your attention squarely on the threatening situation.
- become extremely vigilant
- Scan the environment for potential threats
A
Mental alert
17
Q
- Irrational
- The anxiety is provoked by perceived threats that are exaggerated or nonexistent, and the anxiety response is out of proportion to the actual importance of the situation. - Uncontrollable
- The person cannot shit down the alarm reaction, even when they know it is unrealistic. - Disruptive
- It interferes with relationships, job or academic performance, or everyday activities.
A
Pathological anxiety
18
Q
- PTSD
- OCD
A
Disorders that include anxiety
19
Q
- Constantly tense and anxious
- Anxiety is pervasive
- Anxiety about life circumstances, sometimes with little or no justification.
- When one source of anxiety is removed, another source quickly moves in to take its place.
- The anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or none at all.
- Sometimes referred to as floating-anxiety-disorder.
A
Generalized anxiety disorder
20
Q
- Environmental
- Psychological
- Genetic
- Biological
A
Factors of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
21
Q
- Pounding heart
- Rapid breathing
- Breathlessness
- Chocking sensation
- Feelings of terror
- Feeling as though they may die, go crazy, or completely lose control.
*peaks within 10 minutes and gradually subsides, not unusual for people to go to the hospital.
A
Symptoms of a panic attack
22
Q
- Stressful experience
- Stressful period of life
- Experiences of bereavement
A
Triggers for panic attacks
23
Q
- Falling
- Getting lost
- Becoming incontinent in a public place where help may not be available and escape may be impossible.
- Crowds
- Stores
- Elevators
- Public transportation
- Traveling in a car
*many people suffering from this may never leave home
A
Things people with agoraphobia fear/may avoid
24
Q
- Oversensitivity to physical arousal
- Biological predisposition towards anxiety
- Low sense of control over potentially life-threatening events
A
Make a person vulnerable to panic
25
People with panic disorder are not only oversensitive to physical sensations, but they also tend to catastophize the meaning of their experience.
Catastrophic cognitions theory
26
A Spanish phrase that translates to "attack on nerves."
- Similar to a panic attack
- Heart palpitations
- Dizziness
- Fear of dying
- Fear of going crazy or losing control
- Also becomes hysterical (not similar to panic attacks)
- Scream, swear, strike at others and break things.
- Typically follows a severe stressor, especially one involving a family member.
- Funerals
- Accidents
- Family conflicts
- Tends to elicit immediate social support - seems to be a culturally shaped, acceptable way to respond to severe stress.
Ataque de nervios
27
Don't specifically interfere with a person's ability to function are very common.
- Most people cope with such fears without being overwhelmed with anxiety.
- They would not be diagnosed with a psychological disorder.
Mild irrational fears
28
- Amathophobia - fear of dust
- Anemophobia - Fear of wind
- Aphephobia - Fear of being touched by another person.
- Bibliphobia- Fear of books
- Catotrophobia- Fear of breaking a mirror
- Ergophobia- Fear of work or responsibility
- Erythophobia- Fear of red objects
- Gamophobia- Fear of marriage
- Hypertrichophobia- Fear of growing excessive amounts of body hair.
- Levophobia- Fear of things being on the left side of your body.
- Phobophobia- Fear of acquiring a phobia
- Phonophobia- Fear of the sound of your own voice
- Triskaidekaphobia- Fear of the number 13
Some unusual phobias
29
Have an incapacitating terror and anxiety that interferes with the person's ability to function in daily life.
- can provoke a full fledged panic attack
- Realize that their fears are irrational or excessive, but still go to great lengths to avoid their fear.
Specific phobia
30
1- Fear of particular situations, such as flying, driving, tunnels, bridges, elevators, or enclosed places.
2- Fear of features of the natural environment, such as heights, water, thunder storms, or lightning
3- Fear of injury or blood, including fear of injections, needles, and medical or dental procedures.
4- Fear of animals and insects, such as snakes, spiders, dogs, cats, slugs or bats.
4 categories that specific phobias tend to fall under
31
One of the most common psychological disorders
- More prevalent in women than in men
- Irrational fear of being criticized by other people.
- Must interfere with daily life.
- Some, but not all recognize that their fear is irrational or excessive
May fear:
- Eating a meal in public
- Making small talk at a party
- Using a public restrooms
Social anxiety disorder
32
- Usually affects young Japanese males.
- Several features in common with social anxiety disorder
- Extreme social anxiety
- Avoidance of social situations
- Not worried about being embarrassed in public
- Fears appearance or smell, facial expression, or body language will offend, insult, or embarrass other people.
Taijin Kyofusho
33
- Classical conditioning
- Conditioned response
- Conditioned stimulus
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
- Biologically prepared
Things that can explain the development of phobias
34
Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that has generalized to similar stimuli.
Classical conditioning
35
An operant response that is reinforced negatively or positively by behaviors.
Operant conditioning
36
Some people learn to be phobic of certain objects or situations by observing the fearful reactions of someone else who acts as a model in the situation.
Observational learning
37
Humans seem to be this to acquire fears of certain animals and situations, such as snakes or heights, which were survival fears in human evolutionary history.
- People also seem predisposed to develop phobias of creatures that arouse disgust (slugs, maggots, or cockroaches). People may find them repulsive because they are associated with disease, infection or filth.
Biologically prepared
38
- Not classified as an anxiety disorder, but has some of the same patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.
- Survivors of war or combat, extreme traumas such as natural disasters, relief work, sexual assault, or terrorist attacks.
- Rescue workers, relief workers, emergency service personnel.
- Twice as many women than men.
- No stressor, no matter how extreme, produces this disorder in everyone.
- Unusual n that the source is the traumatic event itself, rather than the cause that lies within the individual.
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
39
1. The person frequently recalls the event, replaying it in his mind. Often the recollections are intrusive. Can be triggered by unrelated events.
2. The person avoids stimuli or situations that tend to trigger memories of the experience.
3. He may experience negative alterations in thinking, moods, and emotions.
- May feel alienated from others
- Blame himself or others for the traumatic event.
- Persistent since of guilt, fear, or anger.
- Some able to recall key features of the event.
4. The person experiences increased physical arousal.
- Easily startled
- Experience sleep disturbances
- Have problems concentrating and remembering.
- Prone to irritability or angry outbursts.
4 core cluster symptoms that characterize PTSD
40
Unwanted and interfere with normal thoughts.
Intrusive
41
1. Evidence that a vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited.
2. People with a personal or family history of psychological disorders are more likely to develop PTSD when exposed to extreme trauma.
3. The magnitude of the trauma plays an important role.
- More traumatic = more likely to develop PTSD
4. Frequency of exposure.
- When people undergo multiple traumas = higher incidences of PTSD
Factors that influence the likelihood of developing PTSD
42
- Some people trivialize this term, which is actually annoying to people diagnosed with this.
- Not classified as an anxiety disorder, but shares similar patterns and behaviors.
- A person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
43
- Not the same as everyday worries.
- Little or no basis in reality and are often extremely far-fetched.
- Common examples: irrational fear of dirt and germs, and other forms of contamination, pathological doubt about having accomplished a simple task.
Obsessions
44
Typically have some sort of factual basis, even if they're somewhat exaggerated.
Normal worries
45
- Typically are ritual behaviors that must be carried out in a certain pattern or sequence.
- May be overt physical behaviors or covert mental behaviors.
- If the person tries to resist these rituals, unbearable tension, anxiety, and distress result.
Compulsions
46
- Repeatedly washing hands
- Checking doors or windows
- Entering and reentering a doorway until you walk through exactly in the middle.
Overt physical behaviors
47
- Counting or reciting certain phrases to yourself.
Covert mental behavior
48
- Obsessions and compulsions tend to call into a limited number of categories.
- Many people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have the irrational belief that failure to perform the ritual action will lead to catastrophic or disastrous outcome.
- Particularly prone to superstitious or "magical" thinking.
- People may experience either obsessions or compulsions, but more commonly both are present and are often related to each other.
- Other compulsions bear little logical relationship to the feared consequences.
- Take similar shape in different cultures around the world, but the content differs.
More facts about OCD
49
- Biological factors- deficiencies in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, excess of glutamate.
- Linked with broad deficits in the ability to manage cognitive processes such as attention- linked to dysfunction in specific brain areas.
- Areas involved in fight-or-flight response, frontal lobes (play a key role in our ability to think and plan ahead).
- Caudate nucleus- Involved in regulating movements
Possible factors causing OCD
50
- Contamination
- Pathological doubt
- Violent or sexual thoughts
Common obsessions
51
- Washing
- Checking
- Counting
- Symmetry and precision
Common compulsions
52
Emotions violate the criteria of normal moods in quality, intensity, and duration, a person's emotional state does not reflect what is going on in his or her life.
Depressive and bipolar disorders
53
The word "affect" os synonymous with "emotion" or "feelings."
Mood disorders of affective disorders (depressive and bipolar disorders)
54
- Emotional
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Physical
Types of symptoms of major depressive disorder
55
- Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness.
- Feeling emotionally disconnected from others
- Turning away from other people.
Emotional symptoms of major depressive disorder
56
- Dejected facial expression
- Makes less eye contact, eyes downcast
- Smilies less often
- Slowed movements, speech, and gestures.
- Tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying
- Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, including sex.
- Withdrawal from social activities
Behavioral symptoms of major depressive disorder
57
- Difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering
- Global negativity and pessimism
- Suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death
Cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder
58
- Changes in appetite resulting in significant weight loss or gain.
- Insomnia, early morning awakening, or oversleeping
- Vague but chronic aches and pains
- Diminished sexual interest
- Loss of physical and mental energy
- Global feelings of anxiety
- Restlessness, fidgety activity
Physical symptoms of major depressive disorder
59
True or false:
While it is normal to feel a sense of loss and sadness when a close friend or family member dies, feelings of worthlessness, self-loathing, and the inability to anticipate happiness or pleasure may indicate that major depressive disorder may be present.
True
60
- Often called the "common cold" of depressive disorders.
- It is among the most prevalent psychological disorders.
- In terms of its physical, psychological, and economic impact, it's one of the most devastating of any illness worldwide.
- Women are twice as likely as men - women are more vulnerable to depression because they experience a greater degree of chronic stress in daily life combined with a lesser sense of personal control.
- 15% of Americans will be affected at some point in their lives.
Prevalence of major depressive disorder
61
- Cambodia - "The water in my heart has fallen"
- Haitian- "thinking too much"
- Differences in the language and understanding of depression must be taken into account when diagnosing and treating this disorder.
Cultural differences of MDD
62
Almost always involves abnormal moods at both ends of the emotional spectrum.
Bipolar disorder
63
- Typically begin suddenly.
- People are uncharacteristically euphoric, expansive, and excited for several days or longer.
- Sleep very little, but have boundless energy.
- Self esteem is wildly inflated, exudes supreme self-confidence.
- Grandiose plans for obtaining wealth, power, and fame.
- Sometimes represent delusional, or false, beliefs.
- Words are spoken so rapidly, they're often slurred as the person tires to keep up with their own racing thoughts.
- Attention is distracted by virtually anything, triggering a flight of ideas.
- Ability to function is impaired.
- Hospitalization is usually required
- Run up a mountain of bills
- disappear for weeks at a time
- Become sexually promiscuous
- Commit illegal acts
- Become agitated or verbally abusive when grandiose claims are questioned.
Manic episodes
64
Thoughts rapidly and loosely shift from topic to topic.
Flight of ideas
65
Mood swings are not severe enough to classify as either bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder.
- Extremely moody, unpredictable, inconsistent.
Cyclothymic disorder
66
1. Some people inherit a genetic predisposition, or greater vulnerability.
2. Differences in the activation of structures in the brain.
3. Disruptions in brain chemistry
- Antidepressants treat
- Norepinephrine, serotonin
4. Abnormal levels of glutamate
- Treated with lithium
5. Stress
Factors involved in the development of depressive and bipolar disorders.
67
Excitatory neurotransmitter in many brain areas.
Glutamate
68
1. Major depressive disorder and chronic stress lead to remarkably similar changes in the neurochemistry of the brain.
2. Major depressive disorder is often triggered by traumatic and stressful events.
- Exposure to recent stressful events is one of the best predictors of episodes
- Even in people with no family or genetic history, chronic stress can produce MDD.
3. Research has uncovered some intriguing links between cigarette smoking and the development of major depressive disorder and other psychological disorders.
* genetic factors, biochemical factors, stressful life events
Stress and the development of depression and bipolar disorders
69
- Begin in adolescence and early adulthood.
- Include extreme reduction in food intake, severe bouts of overeating, obsessive concerns about body shape or weight.
- 10 to 1 gender difference ratio, but the general features are similar for males and females.
Eating disorders
70
1. Anorexia nevosa
2. Bulimia nervosa
3. Binge-eating disorder
Three major types of eating disorders
71
- Severe and extreme disturbance in eating habits and calorie intake.
- Body weight that is significantly less than what would be considered normal for the person's age, height, and gender, and refusal to maintain a normal body weight.
- Distorted perceptions about the severity of weight loss and distorted self-image, such that even an extremely emaciated person would perceive herself as fat.
Anorexia nervosa symptoms
72
1. The person refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight.
2. Despite being dangerously underweight, the person with anorexia is intensely afraid of gaining weight or becoming fat.
3. She has a distorted perception about the size of her body.
Key features that define anorexia nervosa
73
- Severe malnutrition caused by anorexia nervosa disrupts body chemistry in ways that are very similar to those caused by starvation.
- Basal metabolic rate decreases
- Blood levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin decrease
- Hormonal levels drop, including reproductive
- Develop lanugo
More facts about anorexia
74
Because the ability to retain body heat is greatly diminished, this is developed. It is a soft, fine body hair.
Lanugo
75
- Recurring episodes of binge eating, which is defined as an excessive amount of calories within a two-hour period.
- The inability to control or stop the excessive eating behavior.
- Recurrent episodes of purging, which is defined as using laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting, or other methods to prevent weight gain.
Symptoms of Bulimia nervosa
76
- Fear gaining weight
- Intense dissatisfaction with their bodies
- Unlike anorexia, stay within a normal weight range or ma even be slightly overweight.
- Unlike anorexia, usually recognize that they have an eating disorder.
- Consume more than 50,000 calories on a single binge.
- Binges usually occur twice a week and are often triggered by negative feelings or hunger.
- Usually consumes, sweet, high-calorie foods that can be swallowed quickly.
- Binges typically occur in private, leaving feelings of shame, guilt and disgust of their own behavior.
Bulimia nervosa
77
- Repeated purging disrupts the body's electrolyte balance
- muscle cramps
- Irregular heartbeat
- Other cardiac problems
- Stomach acids from self-induced vomiting erode tooth enamel, causing tooth decay and gum disease.
- Frequent vomiting can damage the GI tract.
Consequences of bulimia
78
- Recurring episodes of binge eating.
- The inability to control or stop the excessive eating behavior.
- Not associated with recurrent episodes of purging or other methods to prevent weight gain.
Binge-eating disorder symptoms
79
- Engage in binge eating behaviors minus the purge
| - Often experience the same feelings of distress, lack-of-control and shame that people with bulimia experience.
Binge-eating disorder
80
- Decreases in serotonin.
- Frequently co-occur with other psychiatric disorders
- Family interaction patterns
- Tendency towards perfectionism in childhood.
Causes of eating disorders
81
The consistent and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize you as an individual.
- a specific collection of personality traits
Personality
82
Relatively stable predispositions to behave or react in certain ways.
- Reflect different dimensions of your personality.
- Consistent over time and across situations
Personality traits
83
- Involve pervasive patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the self, other people, and the environment that interfere with long-term functioning.
- These maladaptive behaviors are not restricted to isolated episodes or specific circumstances.
- Maladaptive patterns of emotions, thought processes, and behavior tend to be very stable over time.
- Adolescence or early adulthood.
- Evident in 10% of the population.
- Tend to blame others for the difficulties
- Typically don't think there is something wrong with them.
- Often do not seek help
Personality disorders
84
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
Odd, eccentric cluster (DSM-5) of personality disorders
85
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder
Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster (DSM-5) of personality disorders
86
- Avoidant personality disorder
- Dependent personality disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Anxious, fearful cluster (DSM-5) of personality disorders
87
1. A severity scale
| 2. A trait scale
DSM-5's two dimensions for a second approach for classifying personality disorders.
88
Assesses the degree of impairment in personality functioning.
Severity scale
89
Rates the person on pathological personality traits, such as the tendency to be antagonistic, emotionally unstable, impulsive, or manipulative.
a trait scale
90
- Often referred to as a psychopath or sociopath
- has the ability to lie, cheat, steal, and otherwise manipulate and harm other people.
- When caught, has no conscience or sense of guilt.
- Central feature is the ability to blatantly disregard and violate the rights of others.
- History of violence is not necessary for the diagnosis.
- Lack of anxiety
- Deceiving and manipulating others for their own personal gain (hallmark)
- Fail to hold a job or meet financial obligations
- Difficult to treat because they lie and manipulate therapists
Antisocial personality disorder
91
Have a sense or mortality, but it differs from the others in their community.
- Can lead people to commit deviant, and sometimes criminal acts.
Sociopaths
92
Lack any sense of morality and do not have normal emotional responses.
Psychopaths
93
- Begins in childhood or early adolescence
- Cruelty to animals
- Attacking or harming adults or other children
- Theft
- Setting fires
- Destroying properties
- Habitual failture to conform to social norms often becomes the person's life theme which continues into adulthood.
Conduct disorder
94
Hallmark is inappropriate, uncontrollable episodes of anger
- Unstable relationships
- Sees others and themselves as absolutes
- Acts of self mutilation, threats of suicide, suicidal attempts
- Often considered to be the most serious and disabling of the personality disorders
- Often also suffer from depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
- Lack control over their impulses
- Most commonly diagnosed personality disorder
- Highest prevalence among women, people in lower income groups, Native american men, lowest in women of Asian descent.
Borderline personality disorder
95
- Disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood
| - Biosocial developmental theory of borderline personality disorder
Causes of borderline personality disorder
96
The outcome of unique combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
Biosocial developmental theory of borderline personality disorder
97
Some children are born with a biological temperament that is characterized by extreme emotional sensitivity, a tendency to be impulsive, and the tendency to experience negative emotions.
Biological factors
98
Caregivers actually shape and reinforce the child's pattern of frequent, intense emotional displays by their own behavior.
Psychological factors
99
History of abuse and neglect, not a necessary ingredient
Environmental factors
100
One in which awareness, memory, and personal identity are associated and well integrated.
Normal personality
101
- Mild experiences are quite common and completely normal.
- In disorders, experiences are much more extreme and more frequent and they severely disrupt everyday functioning.
- Awareness, or recognition of familiar surroundings may be completely obstructed.
- Memories of pertinent personal information may be unavailable to consciousness.
- Identity may be lost, confused, or fragmented.
Consists of two basic disorders:
1. Dissociative amnesia
2. Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative disorders
102
- Dissociative amnesia
- Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
- Dissociative identity disorder
Types of dissociative disorders
103
Inability to remember important personal information, too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.
- Not due to a medical condition such as illness, injury, or a drug.
- Usually amnesia for personal events and information, rather than for general knowledge or skills
- In most cases, is a response to stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation, such as combat, marital problems, or physical abuse.
Dissociative amnesia
104
- Sudden, expected travel away from home
- Confusion about personal identity or assumption of new identity.
- Associated with traumatic events or stressful periods
- Unclear how it develops, or why a person experiences it rather than other symptoms.
- When a person "awakens" from this state, they may remember their past history but have amnesia for what occurred during this state.
Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
105
- Presence of two or more distinct identities, each with consistent patterns of personality traits and behavior
- Behavior that is controlled by two or more distinct, recurring identities
- Amnesia; frequent memory gaps
- Alters tend to embody different aspects of the individual's personality that, for some reason, cannot be integrated into the primary personality.
- Alternate personalities hold memories, emotions and motives that are not admissible to the individual's conscious mind.
- The primary personality is typically unaware of the existence of the alternate personalities.
- Symptoms of amnesia and memory problems are reported in virtually all cases of this.
- Commonly "lose time"
- Typically have numerous psychiatric and physical symptoms, along with a chaotic personal history.
Dissociative identity disorder
106
Alternate personalities
Alters or alter egos
107
- Represents an extreme form of dissociative coping.
- Childhood trauma
- Alternate personalities are created to deal with the memories and emotions associated with intolerably painful experiences. Anger, rage, fear and guilt.
Possible causes if DID
108
- Often mistakenly described as having "a split personality"
- Become engulfed in an entirely different inner world, often characterized by mental chaos, disorientation, and frustration.
- May be diagnosed with or without catatonia.
Schizophrenia
109
Reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Characterized by:
1. Delusions (false beliefs)
2. Hallucinations (false perceptions)
3. Severely disorganized thought processes and speech
4. Severely disorganized behavior
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
110
Reflect an absence or reduction of normal functions.
- Greatly reduced motivation
- emotional expressiveness
- Speech
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
111
Symptoms that reflect highly disturbed movements or actions.
- Bizarre postures or grimaces
- Extremely agitated behavior
- Echoing of words just spoken by another person
- Imitation of the movements of others
- Resist direction from others and may also assume rigid postures to resist being moved.
Catatonia
112
- Delusions of reference
- Delusions of grandeur
- Delusions of persecution
- Delusions of being controlled
Positive symptoms- delusions
113
Reflect the person's false conviction that other people's behavior and ordinary events are somehow personally related to them.
Delusions of reference
114
Involve the belief that the person is extremely powerful, important, or wealthy.
Delusions of grandeur
115
The basic theme is that others are plotting against or trying to harm the person or someone close to them.
Delusions of persecution
116
Involve the belief that outside forces- aliens, the government, or random people - are trying to exert control on the individual.
Delusions of being controlled
117
The content of these are often tied to the person's delusional beliefs.
- Cant be virtually impossible to distinguish from objective reality.
- Content and experience may be influenced by culture and religious beliefs.
Positive symptoms- Hallucinations
118
- Disturbances in sensation, thinking, and speech.
- Visual, auditory, and tactile experiences may seem distorted or unreal.
- Severely disorganized thinking. Difficult to concentrate, remember, or integrate important information while ignoring irrelevant information.
- Mind drifts from topic to topic in an unpredictable, illogical manner.
- Ideas, words, and images are sometimes strung together in ways that seem nonsensical to the listener.
Other Positive symptoms
119
- Diminished emotional expression (flat affect)
- Alogia
- Avolition
* In combination, these symptoms accentuate the isolation of the person with schizophrenia, who may appear uncommunicative and completely disconnected with his or her environment.
- Not everyone with schizophrenia have these
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
120
Regardless of the situation, the person responds in an emotionally "flat" way, showing a dramatic reduction in emotional responsiveness and facial expressions.
- Speech is slow and monotonous, lacking normal vocal inflictions
Diminished emotional expression (flat affect)
121
- Closely related to flat affect
- Greatly reduced production of speech.
- Verbal responses are limited to brief, empty comments
Alogia
122
Refers to the inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal-directed behaviors.
- dressing
- bathing
- Engaging in social activities
- The person seems completely apathetic, sometimes sitting still for hours at a time.
Avolition
123
- 1% of the American population
| - Typically onset is during young adulthood, marked by enormous individual variability
Prevalence of schizophrenia
124
- Genetic factors
- Paternal age
- Immune system
- Abnormal brain structures
- Abnormal brain chemistry
- Psychological factors
Causes of schizophrenia
125
1. Schizophrenia tends to cluster in certain families
2. The more closely related to a person is to someone who has schizophrenia, the greater the risk that she will be diagnosed with schizophrenia at some point in her lifetime.
3. If either biological parent of an adopted individual had schizophrenia, the presence of certain generic variations seem to increase susceptibility to the disorder.
Genetic factors
126
As men age, their sperm cells continue to reproduce by dividing. As the number of divisions increases over time, the sperm cells accumulate genetic mutations that can then be passed on to the mans offspring.
Paternal age
127
Exposure to the influenza virus or other viral infections during prenatal development or shortly after birth.
- viruses can spread to the brain and spinal cord by traveling along nerves.
Immune system
128
- Enlargement of the brain's ventricles
- Loss of gray matter tissue
- Lower overall volume of the brain
1. Some people with schizophrenia do not show brain structure abnormalities
Problems:
2. The evidence is correlational
3. The kinds of brain abnormalities seen in schizophrenia are also seen in other mental disorders
Abnormal brain structures
129
- The dopamine hypothesis- attributes schizophrenia to excess activity of dopamine
1. Antipsychotic drugs reduce and block dopamine activity in the brain
2. Drugs that enhance dopamine can produce schizophrenia like symptom in normal adults or increase symptoms in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
- still remains unclear
Abnormal brain chemistry
130
- Dysfunctional parenting
- Disturbed family communication styles
- Critical or guilt- inducing parental skills
Psychological factors
131
True or false:
| Suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people ages 15-24.
True
132
- Feelings of hopelessness and social isolation
- Recent relationship problems or a lack of significant relationships
- Poor coping and problem-solving skills
- Poor impulse control and impaired judgement
- Rigid thinking or irrational beliefs
- A major psychological disorder, especially major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia
- Alcohol or other substance abuse
- Prior self-destructive behavior
- A family history of suicide
- Presence of a firearm in the home
- Exposure to bullying, including cyberbullying
Risk factors associated with suicidal behavior
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1. Actively listen as the person talks and vents her feelings
2. Don't deny or minimize the person's suicidal intentions
3. Identify other potential solutions
4. Ask the person to delay his decision
5. Encourage the person to seek professional help
Guidelines to help prevent suicide
