Exam 4 lecture 25.5 and 26.5

Question 1

Respiratory media

Answer 1

-Oxygen source

Air: 21% O2, altittude effects levels

Water: 40x less O2, temp/salt/viscosity effects levels

Question 2

Respiratory surface

Answer 2

-Part of animal where breathing circulatory are
-Large, moist surfaces

-Gas exchange occurs by diffusion (external)
P O2 gradient, surface area, direction of movement helps

Question 3

Cocurrent flow

Answer 3

-Water and blood going same direction
-Amount of O2 that can be delivered is 50%

Question 4

Countercurrent flow

Answer 4

-Water and blood going opposite directions
-Can have more O2 because not at equillibrium

Question 5

Insect tracheal system

Answer 5

-Breath through spiracle that lead to trachea
-Multiple trachea

Question 6

Mammalian respiratory system

Answer 6

-Upper airway cleans/warms/humidifies air
-Mucociliary escalator: Sweeps dirt away, keeps lungs clean

Question 7

Metabolic rate affects lung structure

Answer 7

-Alveoli increase surface area

Question 8

Positive pressure breathing

Answer 8

-Using muscle to push air into high pressure (lungs)
-In amphibians
-CPR in humans

Question 9

Negative pressure breathing

Answer 9

1. Lung volume changes
2. Creates pressure gradient
3. Moves high to low

Question 10

Boyles law

Answer 10

P1V1 = P2V2

P up, V down

Question 11

Diaphragm

Answer 11

-Separates lung/heart cavity and abdominal cavity
-Inhalation: diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Question 12

External intercostals

Answer 12

-Rib muscles contract
-Rib cage expands

Question 13

Pressure for breathing

Answer 13

Atmospheric pressure > lung air pressure. Air moves in

When muscles relax (breath out), atmospheric pressure < lung pressure

Resting exhalation is passive. No muscles contract

Question 14

Brain stem

Answer 14

-Oldest part of brain

Question 15

Pons and medulla

Answer 15

-Gather info about O2 levels
-Sends signal to brain

Question 16

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 16

-Monitor blood gases
-In arteries
-Looks for low O2, high CO2, and acidic PH

Question 17

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 17

-Monitors blood gases
-Backup receptors
-Only can monitor PH and CO2

Question 18

Tidal volume

Answer 18

Vol of air moved in/out in 1 normal resting breath

Question 19

Reserve volume

Answer 19

Extra air we can breath in/out if we force it

Question 20

Residual volume

Answer 20

Volume of air that stays in airways after exhalation

Not measured

Question 21

Vital capacity

Answer 21

Maximum air breathed in/out

Tidal volume + residual volume