Exam 4 - Workbook Flashcards by Clara Pyle

What is the pathway of sperm from the testis to the urethra?

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens

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Tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the posterior aspect of the testes

epididymis

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Cuff of skin encircling the glans penis

prepuce

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Site of testosterone production

testes

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Surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder, produces a milky fluid.

prostate

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Connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

spermatic cord

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Passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

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Produce more than half of the seminal fluid

seminal vesicles

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Organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive tract

penis

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Conveys both sperm and urine down the length of the penis

urethra

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External skin sac that houses the testes

scrotum

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spongy tissue

the erectile tissue in the penis

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What duct also serves the urinary system?

urethra

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structure that provides ideal temperature conditions

scrotum

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removed at circumcision

prepuce

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the glands producing a secretion that contains sugar

seminal vesicles

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What is cut or cauterized during a vasectomy?

ductus deferens

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site of spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubule

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tubular structure in which sperm mature and become motile

epididymis

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fibrous coat protecting the testis

tunica albuginea

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primitive stem cell

spermatogonium

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Contain 23 chromosomes and ______

secondary spermatocyte, sperm, spermatid

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product of meiosis 1

secondary spermatocyte

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product of meiosis 2

spermatid

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functional motile gamete

sperm

two hormones necessary for sperm production

testosterone, FSH

DNA-containing area of sperm

nucleus

enzyme-containing sac that aids sperm penetration of the egg

acrosome

metabolically active organelles that provide ATP to energize sperm movement

mitochondria

the final product is two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes

mitosis

the final product is four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes

meiosis

this process involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

mitosis and meiosis

this process occurs in all body tissues

mitosis

this process occurs only in the gonads

meiosis

this process increases the cell number for growth and repair

mitosis

daughter cells have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell

mitosis

daughter cells are different from the mother cell in their chromosomal makeup

meiosis

chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins

mitosis and meiosis

this process provides cells for the reproduction of offspring

meiosis

this process consists of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus; chromosomes are not replicated before the second division

meiosis

chamber that houses the developing fetus

uterus

canal that receives the penis during sexual intercourse

vagina

usual site of fertilization

uterine/fallopian tube

erects during sexual stimulation (female)

clitoris

duct through which the ovum travels to reach the uterus

uterine tube

membrane that partially closes the vaginal canal

hymen

primary female reproductive organ

ovary

move to create fluid currents to draw the ovulated egg into the uterine (fallopian) tube

fimbriae

lining of the uterus

endometrium

muscular layer of the uterus

myometrium

pathway along which an egg travels from the time of its release to its implantation

uterine tube

ligament helping to anchor the uterus

the round ligament

structure producing female hormones and gametes

ovary

homologue of the male scrotum

labium majus

forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary

primary oocyte

in the uterine tube before fertilization

secondary oocyte

in the mature, or Graafian, follicle of the ovary

secondary oocyte

in the uterine tube shortly after sperm penetration

ovum

cells that produce estrogen

follicle (granulosa) cells

grandular structure that produces progesterone

corput luteum

oocytes

central cells in all follicles

Are there any oogonia in a mature female's ovary?

Into what area is the ovulated cell released?

peritoneal cavity

When is a mature ovum (egg) produced in humans?

after sperm penetration occurs

What structure in the ovary becomes a corpus luteum?

ruptured (ovulated) follicle

What are the four final cell types produced by oogenesis in the female?

one ovum; three polar bodies

What is the final product of spermatogenesis in males?

four spermatids (sperm)

What happens to the tiny cells nearly devoid of cytoplasm ultimately produced during oogenesis?

they deteriorate because they lack nutrient-containing cytoplasm

What name is given to the period of a woman's life when her ovaries begin to become nonfunctional?

menopause

promotes growth of ovarian follicles and production of estrogen

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone (LH)

inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone release by the anterior pituitary

estrogen and progesterone

stimulates luteinizing hormone release by the anterior pituitary

estrogen

converts the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum and causes it to produce progesterone and estrogen

maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum

Lack of this causes the blood vessels to kink and the endometrium to slough off (menses)

estrogens and progesterone

this hormone causes the endometrial glands to begin the secretion of nutrients

progesterone

the endometrium is repaired and grows thick and velvety

estrogens

this hormone maintains the myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of an embryo has occurred

progesterone

glands are formed in the endometrium

estrogens

this hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females

estrogens

What portion of the sperm actually enters the oocyte?

just its head (the nucleus)

the fertilized egg

zygote

secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy

placenta

cooperate to form the placenta

chorionic villi and endometrium

fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing embryo/fetus

amnion

attaches embryo to the placenta

umbilical cord

finger-like projections of the blastocyte

chorionic villi

embryo after 8 weeks

fetus

the organ that delivers nutrients to and disposes of wastes for the fetus

placenta

which two hormones are essential to initiate labor in humans

oxytocin and prostaglandins

which hormone is responsible for milk production? milk ejection?

prolactin; oxytocin

Labor is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. What does that mean?

The response to the stimulus enhances the stimulus. The more a baby descends into the pelvis and stretches the uterus, the more oxytocin is produced and the stronger the contractions become.