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A&P 2 > Ch 17 - Part B > Flashcards

Ch 17 - Part B Flashcards

1
Q

defects in intrinsic conduction system may cause:

A

arrhythmias, fibrillation

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2
Q

Arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rhythms; uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

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3
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions; heart becomes useless for pumping blood, causing circulation to cease

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4
Q

ectopic focus

A

an abnormal pacemaker that takes over pacing; caused by defective SA node

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5
Q

Extrasystole (premature contraction)

A

ectopic focus of small region of heart that triggers impulse before SA node can, causing delay in next impulse; can be from excessive caffeine or nicotine

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6
Q

heart block

A

caused y defective AV node; few impulses or no impulses reach ventricles which is too slow to maintain adequate circulation

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7
Q

heart block treatment

A

artificial pacemaker, which recouples atria and ventricles

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8
Q

Heartbeat is modified via…

A

cardiac centers in medulla oblongata

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9
Q

cardioacceleratory center

A

sends signals thorugh sympathetic trunk to increase both rate and force

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10
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

parasympathetic signals via vagus nerve to decrese rate

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11
Q

contractile muscle fibers

A

make up bulk of heart muscle are are responsible for pumping action

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12
Q

How are contractile muscle fibers different from skeletal muscle?

A

in skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac muscle action potentials have plateau

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13
Q

electrocardiograph

A

can detect electrical current generated by heart

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14
Q

electrocardiogarm (ECG or EKG)

A

a graphic reccording of electrical activity; composite of all action potential at a given time, not a tracing of a single one

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15
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of SA node and atria

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16
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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17
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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18
Q

P-R interval

A

beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

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19
Q

S-T segment

A

entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

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20
Q

Q-T interval

A

beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

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21
Q

systole

A

period of heart contraction

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22
Q

diastole

A

period of heart relaxation

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23
Q

cardiac cycle

A

blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat

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24
Q

One Cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole

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25
Isovolumetric contraction
split-second period when ventricles are completely closed, volume remains constant, ventricles continure to contract
26
Isovolumetric relaxation: early diastole
following ventricular repolarization (T wave), ventricles relax
27
End systolic volume (ESV)
volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole
28
dicrotic notch
closure of aortic valve raises aortic pressure as backflow rebounds off closed valve cusps
29
Quiescent period
total heart relaxation that lasts about 0.4 seconds
30
First heart sound
closing of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
31
second heart sound
closing of SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
32
heart murmurs
abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions
33
incompetent valve
fails to close completely, allowing backflow of blood; causes swishing sound as blood regurgitates backward from ventricle into atria
34
stenotic valve
fails to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve; causes high-pitched sound or clocking as blood is forced through narrow valve
35
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute; equals heart rate times stroke volume
36
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
37
cardiac reserve
difference between resting and maximal CO
38
Three main factors that affect SV
preload, contractility, afterload
39
preload
degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract
40
venous return
amount of blood returning to heart; most important factor in preload
41
Contractility
contractile strength at given muscle length
42
negative intropic agens
decrease contractility; acidosis, increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers
42
positive inotropic agents
increase contractility; thyroxine, glucagon, epinoephrine
43
afterload
pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject blood
43
Atrial (Bainbridge) reflex
sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return, hence increased atrial filling
44
Hormones heart regulation
epinephrine from adrenal medulla increases heart rate and contractility; thyroxine increases heart rate which enhances effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine
45
Ions heart regulation
intra and extracellular ion concentrations (CA2+ & K+) must be maintained for normal heart function
46
Hypocalcemia
depresses heart
47
Hypercalcemia
increases HR and contractility
48
Hyperkalemia
alters electrical activity, which can lead to heart block and cardiac arrest
49
Hypokalemia
results in feeble heartbeat; arrhythmias
50
Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
51
Bradycardia
heart rate slower than 60 bpm
52
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
progressive condition; CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
53
Coronary atherosclerosis
clogged arteries caused by fat buildup; impairs oxygen delivery to cardiac cells
54
multiple myocardial infarcts
heart becomes weak as contractile cells are replaced with scar tissue
55
Dilated cardimyopathy (DCM)
ventricles stretch and become flabby, and myocardium deteriorates
56
pulmonary congestion
left-sided failure; blood backs up in lungs
57
peripheral congestion
right-sided failture; blood pools in body organs, causing edema
58

A&P 2 (20 decks)

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