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ZOO 305 > Exam - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam - Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

an increase in muscle mass and cross-sectional area; increase in dimension is due to an increase in the size (not length) of individual muscle fibers

A

muscle hypertrophy

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2
Q

Factors involved in muscle hypertrophy

A

satellite cells, immune system, growth factors, growth hormone, testosterone, muscle fiber types

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3
Q

fuse to the existing muscle fiber, donating their nuclei to the fiber, which helps to regenerate the muscle fiber

A

satellite cells

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4
Q

a peptide hormone that stimulates IGF (insulin-like growth factor) in skeletal muscle, promoting satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation

A

growth hormone

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5
Q

produced in significantly greater amounts in males, has an anabolic (muscle building) effect; increases protein synthesis, which induces hypertrophy

A

testosterone

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6
Q

structures containing the contractile proteins actin and myosin

A

thick and thin filaments

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7
Q

overlapping parallel groups of thick and thin filaments in a repeating pattern; the underlying basis for the striation pattern

A

myofibril

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8
Q

a single muscle cell, multinucleate and may be many centimeters long

A

muscle fiber

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9
Q

a bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle; covers each skeletal muscle; alters of dense connective tissue

A

fascicle

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10
Q

a bundle of fascicles

A

muscle

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11
Q

the connective tissue associated with a muscle that forms these broad fibrous sheets; may be attached to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles

A

aponeuroses

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12
Q

the layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

another layer of connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections called fascicles

A

perimysium

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14
Q

a thin covering that surrounds the muscle fiber within a fascicle

A

endomysium

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15
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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16
Q

muscle cytoplasm; contains mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, and actin and myosin

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

thick filaments composed of protein

A

myosin

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18
Q

thin filaments composed of primarily this protein

A

actin

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19
Q

the functional unit of a muscle; the relating units of striations (myosin and actin)

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

rod-shaped protein; occupies the longitudinal grooves of actin helix, held in place by troponin

A

tropomyosin

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21
Q

a set of membranous channels that extend from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm; has two cisternae on each side

A

transverse (T) tubules

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22
Q

an electrical impulse that is sent down axons of neurons

A

action potential!

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23
Q

the functional connection between a neuron and another cell; the neuromuscular juntion

A

synapse

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24
Q

chemical is released after neurons communicate with the cells they control

A

neurotransmitters

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25
neurons that control effectors; stimulate muscle fibers to contract
motor neurons
26
the muscle fiber membrane forms this!; where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and a sarcolemma is extensively folded
motor end plate
27
order of muscle dimension: largest to smallest
muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers (cells), myofibrils, thick and thin filaments
28
a small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle finer; where electricity comes down an axon and neurotransmitters are transferred
synaptic cleft
29
the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle conrtraction
acetylcholine
30
synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and is stored in the synaptic vesicles at the distal end of its axon; released into the synaptic cleft when action potential occurs
acetylcholine again!
31
Sodium ion concentration is higher ____ the cell and potassium ____ the cell
outside/inside
32
happens in response to stimulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases calcium ions; binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin for myosin binding
excitation-concentration coupling
33
when the overlapping thick and thin myofilaments slide past one another, the sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts
sliding filament theory
34
a myosin head can attach to an actin binding site to form a cross bridge which pulls on the actin filament
crossbridge cycling
35
occurs when a muscle contracts (equal force, change in length)
isotonic contraction
36
rapidly decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse, which prevents continuous stimulation of a muscle fiber
acetylcholinesterase
37
The energy sources of muscle contraction
ATP, phosphocreatine, anaerobic (glycolysis), aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
38
synthesized in muscle cells; temporarily stores some oxygen
myoglobin
39
contraction where muscle shortens; force is greater than resistance and shortens
concentric contraction
40
muscle lengthens; contracts with face less than resistance
eccentric contraction
41
muscle contracts but does not change length (holding body upright)
isometric contraction
42
stored glucose
glycogen
43
C6H10O5
glycogen
44
C6H12O6
Glucose
45
consists of one motor neuron and the muscle fibers associated with it
motor unit
46
Will many motor units be needed for finer muscle movements?
Nope! fewer=finer
47
a type of muscle fiber; always oxidative and resistant to fatigue; red fibers (contain myoglobin); rely on oxygen to function
slow twitch (type 1)
48
type of muscle fiber; primarily fatigue resistant; less common
fast twitch - oxidative (type IIa)
49
a type of muscle fiber, white fibers because they have less myoglobin and poorer oxygen supply); reduced ability to carry on the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration and and to fatigue quickly; fewer mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin
fast twitch - glycolytic (type IIb)
50
piriformis action
abduction an lateral rotation of thigh
51
sartorius action
flexion of thigh and knee, abduction of leg, lateral rotation of thigh
52
What are the three muscles of the hamstring?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
53
Action of biceps femoris
flexion of knee, lateral rotation of leg, extension of hip
54
semitendinosus
flexion of knee, medial rotation of leg, extension of hip
55
semimembranosus
flexion of knee, medial rotation of leg, extension of hip
56
What are the four quadriceps femoris muscles?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis
57
Rectus femoris
Extension of knee and flexion of hip
58
vastus lateralis, intermedialis, medialis
extension of knee
59
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
60
fibularis tertius
dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
61
extensor digitorum longus (of foot)
dorsiflexion and extension of toes
62
gastrocnemius
plantar flexion of foot, flexion of knee
63
soleus
plantar flexion of foot
64
plantaris
plantar flexion of foot and flexion of knee
65
flexor digitorum longus (leg)
plantar flexion and inversion of foot, flexion of lateral toes
66
tibialis posterior
plantar flexion and inversion of foot
67
fibulas longus
plantar flexion and eversion of foot
68
masseter
elevation and protraction of mandible
69
temporalis
elevation and retraction of mandible
70
sternocleidmastoid
lateral flexion of neck, rotation of head, flexion of neck
71
splenius capitis
rotation of head, lateral flexion and extension of neck
72
semispinalis capitis
extension of neck and rotation of head
73
scalenes
flexion of neck
74
quadrates lumborum
extension of lumbar
75
erector spinae
extension of neck and rotation of head
76
trapezius
rotation and retraction of scapula
77
rhomboid major
retraction, elevation, and rotation of scapula
78
rhomboid minor
retraction and rotation of scapula
79
levator scapulae
elevation of scapula
80
serrates anterior
protraction and rotation of scapula
81
pectoralis minor
depression and protraction of scapula
82
coracobrachialis
flexion of shoulder and adduction of arm
83
pectoralis major
flexion of shoulder, adduction of arm, medial rotation of arm
84
teres major
extension of shoulder, adduction and medial rotation of arm
85
latissimus dorsi
extension at shoulder, adduction and medial rotation of arm, depression and retraction of shoulder
86
supraspinatus
abduction of arm
87
infraspinatus
lateral rotation of arm
88
teres minor
lateral rotation of arm
89
biceps brachii
flexion of elbow, aspiration of forearm and hand
90
triceps brachii
extension at elbow
91
brachialis
flexion at elbow
92
brachioradialis
flexion at elbow
93
supinator
lateral rotation of forearm and supination of forearm and hand
94
pronator teres
medial rotation of arm, pronation of forearm at elbow
95
pronator quadratus
medial rotation of forearm at wrist; pronation of forearm and hand
96
flexor carpi radialis
flexion of wrist and abduction of hand
97
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexion of wrist and adduction of hand
98
palmaris longus
flexion of wrist
99
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexion of hand at wrist and flexion of joints in fingers
100
extensor carpi radialis longus
extension of hand and abduction of hand
101
extensor capri radialis brevis
extension of hand and abduction of hand
102
extensor carpi ulnaris
extension of hand and adduction of hand
103
extensor digitorum (hand)
extension of wrist and joints in fingers
104
external oblique
compression of abdomen and flexion/rotation of vertebral column
105
internal oblique
flexion and rotation of vertebral column
106
transverse abdominis
flexion and rotation of vertebral column
107
rectus abdominis
flexion and rotation of vertebral column
108
psoas major
flexion of hip
109
iliacus
flexion of hip
110
tensor fasciae latae
abduction and flexion of thigh, medial rotation of thigh
111
pectineus
flexion and adduction of thigh
112
adductor longus
adduction of thigh and flexion of hip
113
adductor brevis
adduction of thigh and flexion of hip
114
adductor magnus
adduction and flexion of thigh, posteriorly - extension of hip
115
gracilis
adduction of thigh and flexion of knee
116
gluteus maximus
extension of hip
117
gluteus medius
abduction and medial rotation of thigh
118
gluteus minimus
abduction and medial rotation of thigh

ZOO 305 (7 decks)

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